Pancreatic Cells Turned Into Insulin-Producing Beta Cells
Researchers say feat could lead to treatment for diabetes.
By Amanda Gardner
HealthDay Reporter
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(SOURCES: Aug. 26, 2008, teleconference with Douglas Melton, co-director, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Mass.; Aug. 27, 2008, Nature, online)
WEDNESDAY, Aug. 27 (HealthDay News) -- Scientists have succeeded in transforming pancreatic cells from adult mice into insulin-producing beta cells, a feat they call an "extreme makeover."
The achievement is a step toward finding a treatment or even a cure for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, both of which involve problems with either insulin production or uptake.
The process, reported online Aug. 27 in Nature, bypassed some of the steps usually required in this type of procedure.
"The presently accepted regenerative medicine idea is that you make a stem cell from a patient, bring it back to the beginning as it were, then you are left with the problem of how to instruct that cell to become a beta cell or a motor neuron," explained study author Douglas Melton, co-director of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, at a Tuesday teleconference. "We asked the simple question, why should you have to go all the way back to the beginning? Could you go from one cell type to another?"
"Up to this time, we hadn't demonstrated that you could do direct reprogramming," added Melton, who admitted to being "obsessed" with finding a cure for type 1 diabetes.
Here, Melton and his colleagues converted exocrine cells of the pancreas into neighboring endocrine cells. The process involved injecting three transcription factors -- genes which encode proteins that turn on and off other sets of genes -- into the pancreases of adult mice.
The process was surprisingly efficient, with some 20 percent of cells that received the three genes converting into beta cells.
Although these cells did ease hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, they did not respond to glucose, meaning there is still a way to go before finding a treatment or cure for the disorder.
Next, scientists are faced with the not insubstantial task of taking human cells, reprogramming them into beta cells, then coalescing them into islets or groups of beta cells to transplant into patients.
Currently, some diabetics are treated with islets taken from human cadavers, but it takes two cadavers to provide enough cells for one patient. Another option would be to convert liver cells into beta cells.
"One present treatment for some diabetics is to transplant islets into the liver, so we know that liver cells are a reasonable home for beta cells," Melton said. "If we're lucky, in two to five years, we can think about doing that in people."
It's unclear at this point, however, if three genes will be enough to accomplish this feat, given that liver cells are more distantly related to beta cells than are exocrine cells.
Researchers are reluctant to inject directly into the pancreas, a "touchy" organ, Melton said. "If we physically inject something into the pancreas, it almost always induces pancreatitis," he said. "You could be causing more trouble than what you started with."
Melton stressed that it is still imperative to continue research into highly controversial embryonic stem cells as well as induced pluripotent stem cells.
"Maybe when the history of the whole subject is written, it will be possible to say which was the best idea," he said. "I can't emphasize enough at this point that we're too ignorant to know what is the best way to treat patients and, until we know that, it is essential that we use embryonic stem cells and iPS cells to teach us about the mechanisms of disease. Until we know how to succeed, we have to aggressively pursue all avenues."
It is hoped that whatever avenue finally succeeds will be able to generate treatments or cures for a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease.
More information
The National Institutes of Health has more on stem cells.
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