• adverse events: [ Time Frame: each visit ]
  
• clinical laboratory: [ Time Frame: day -1, day 2 each period ]
  
• electrocardiogram (ECG): [ Time Frame: day 1 each period ]
  
• vital signs assessments: [ Time Frame: day -1, day 1 each period ]
  

• plasma drug concentrations: [ Time Frame: Day 1 each dosing level ]
  
• plasma blood sugar & other parameter concentrations: [ Time Frame: Day 1 Period 4 following meal ]
  
• Correlation between drug concentrations & blood sugar levels: [ Time Frame: day 1 period 4 ]
  

Inclusion Criteria:

Healthy Subjects

• Healthy male or female subject as determined by a responsible physician, based on a medical evaluation including history, physical examination, vitals signs, laboratory tests, and cardiac monitoring.
• Female subjects must be of non-childbearing potential including pre-menopausal women with documented (medical report verification) hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or postmenopausal defined as 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea or 6 months of spontaneous amenorrhea with serum FSH levels > 40 mIU/ml or 6 weeks postsurgical bilateral oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy.
• 18 - 60 years of age, inclusive, at the time of signing and dating the informed consent.
• BMI (body mass index) within the range 20-30 kg/m2, inclusive.
• Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the consent form.

Diabetic Subjects

• Male or female subjects, 18 - 60 years of age, inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent
• Female subjects must be of non-childbearing potential including pre-menopausal women with documented (medical report verification) hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or double oophorectomy or postmenopausal defined as 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea or 6 months of spontaneous amenorrhea with serum FSH levels > 40 mIU/ml or 6 weeks postsurgical bilateral oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy.
• Subjects should have no significant known medical conditions other than T2DM.
• BMI (body mass index) within the range 25-35 kg/m2, inclusive.

• T2DM diagnosed at least 3 months prior to Screening with

  • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level ≤ 220mg/dL at the Screening visit,
  • FPG level ≤ 250 mg/dL on Day -1 of Period 1
  • For subjects taking no antidiabetic medications: HbA1c between 7 and 10%, inclusive, at Screening visit
  • For subjects taking metformin or a sulfonylurea: HbA1c between 6.5 and 9.5%, inclusive, at Screening visit
• Subjects must be taking either no anti-diabetic medication, or metformin as monotherapy, or a sulfonylurea as monotherapy. (Subjects taking BOTH metformin and a sulfonylurea are not qualified for the trial). If taking metformin or a sulfonylurea, the dose must have been stable for at least 3 months prior to screening, and the subject must be willing to wash out from metformin or sulfonylureas from Day -7 prior to Period 1, through discharge from Period 4.
• Capable of giving written informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

• As a result of the medical interview, physical examination, or screening investigations, the Investigator considers the subject unfit for the study.

• Has any of the following laboratory abnormalities:

  • Positive pre-study Hepatitis B surface antigen, positive Hepatitis C, or HIV result.
  • History of uncorrected thyroid dysfunction or an abnormal thyroid function test assessed by TSH at Screening
  • A positive pre-study drug/urine screen. A minimum list of drugs that will be screened for include amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, opiates, cannabinoids and benzodiazepines.
  • A pre-study urine cotinine screen indicating use of tobacco/ nicotine containing products.
• Has a history of any gastrointestinal or hepatic conditions that could impact absorption of the investigational compound.
• Has QTc at Screening > 450 msec. Note that if the initial QTc value is prolonged, the ECG should be repeated two more times (with 5 minutes between ECG readings) and the average of the 3 QTc values used to determine eligibility.
• Has clinically significant rhythm abnormalities identified during 24-hour Screening Holter assessment.
• History of regular alcohol consumption averaging >7 drinks/week for women or >14 drinks/week for men. One drink is equivalent to 12 g alcohol (which equals 5 ounces (150 mL) of wine, 12 ounces (360 mL of beer or 1.5 ounces (45 mL) of 80 proof distilled spirits) within 6 months of screening.
• Smoked or used tobacco or nicotine-containing products within the previous 6 months.
• Has participated in a clinical trial and has received a drug or a new chemical entity within 30 days or 5 half-lives, or twice the duration of the biological effect of any drug (whichever is longer) prior to the first dose of current study medication.
• Exposure to more than four new chemical entities within 12 months prior to the first dosing day.
• Use of prescription or non-prescription drugs, including vitamins, herbal and dietary supplements (including St John's Wort) within 7 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the first dose of study medication. Acetaminophen may be used as needed for adverse events; however, use should be restricted to 4 hours after dosing if possible with a preferred maximum dose of 2 grams in 24 hours.

• Unwilling to abstain from

  • Caffeine-or xanthine-containing products for 24 hours prior to dosing until the final post-dose assessment at each treatment level.
  • Use of illicit drugs
  • Alcohol for 24 hours prior to dosing until final post-dose assessment at each treatment level.
  • Consumption of red wine, Seville oranges, grapefruit or grapefruit juice from 7 days prior to the first dose of study medication until collection of the final pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic blood samples.
• History of sensitivity to any of the study medications, or components thereof or a history of drug or other allergy that, in the opinion of the physician responsible, contraindicates their participation. This includes sensitivity to heparin, if heparin will be used to maintain catheter patency.
• Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood in excess of 500 mL within a 56 day period.
• Subject is either an immediate family member of a participating investigator, study coordinator, employee of an investigator; or is a member of the staff conducting the study.

Healthy Subjects

• As a result of the medical interview, physical examination, or screening investigations, the Investigator considers the subject unfit for the study.

• Has any of the following laboratory abnormalities:

  • Positive pre-study Hepatitis B surface antigen, positive Hepatitis C, or HIV result.
  • History of uncorrected thyroid dysfunction or an abnormal thyroid function test assessed by TSH at Screening. (NOTE: subjects with hypothyroidism on a stable dose of thyroid replacement therapy for at least 3 months prior to Screening and who have a screening thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) within the normal range may participate.)
  • ALT and/or AST > 2 times the upper limit of normal at screening or prior to the first dose.
  • Fasting triglycerides > 450mg/dL at screening or prior to the first dose.
  • Total Bilirubin > 1.5 times the upper limit of normal at screening or prior to the first dose
  • A positive pre-study drug/urine screen. A minimum list of drugs that will be screened for include amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, opiates, cannabinoids and benzodiazepines.
  • A pre-study urine cotinine screen indicating use of tobacco/ nicotine containing products.
• Significant renal disease or loss of a kidney
• Significant ECG abnormalities,
• Systolic pressure > 150 mmHg or <80 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg or <60 mmHg at screening. Blood pressure assessments may be repeated once if needed, allowing adequate time for subject to rest.
• Previous use of insulin as a treatment within 3 months of Screening, or for >2 weeks when used for acute illness in the last 12 months prior to Screening, or if used for more than 1 year when associated with GDM.

• Has a history of any of the following conditions:

  • Clinically significant symptoms of gastroparesis
  • Cholelithiasis or obstructive or inflammatory gallbladder disease within 3 months prior to Screening
  • Gastrointestinal disease that could affect fat or bile acid absorption, including inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, Crohn's or malabsorption syndromes within the past year
  • Gastrointestinal surgery
  • Chronic or acute pancreatitis
• History of regular alcohol consumption averaging >7 drinks/week for women or >14 drinks/week for men. 1 drink is equivalent to (12 g alcohol) = 5 ounces (150 mL) of wine or 12 ounces (360 mL) of beer or 1.5 ounces (45 mL) of 80 proof distilled spirits) within 6 months of screening.
• Smoked or used tobacco or nicotine-containing products within the previous 6 months.
• Has participated in a clinical trial and has received a drug or a new chemical entity within 30 days or 5 half-lives, or twice the duration of the biological effect of any drug (whichever is longer) prior to the first dose of current study medication.
• Exposure to more than four new chemical entities within 12 months prior to the first dosing day.

• Is taking prohibited medications:

  • Acetaminophen may be used as needed for adverse events; however, use should be restricted to 4 hours after dosing if possible with a preferred maximum dose of 2 grams in 24 hours.
  • The use of anti-diabetic agents other than metformin or sulfonylureas is reason for exclusion and subjects will not be allowed to wash off of unapproved anti-diabetic medications in order to qualify for participation in this study. Subjects taking BOTH metformin and a sulfonylurea are not qualified for the trial.
  • Subjects must wash out from the following medications during the 7-day period prior to first dose, and must remain off these medications through discharge from period 4: metformin, sulfonylureas, statins, fat absorption blocking agents, bile acid sequestrants
  • All other prescription or non-prescription drugs, including vitamins, herbal and dietary supplements (including St John's Wort) are prohibited within 7 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the first dose of study medication and through discharge from Period 4.

• Unwilling to abstain from

  • Caffeine-or xanthine-containing products for 24 hours prior to dosing until the final post-dose assessment at each treatment level
  • Use of illicit drugs
  • Alcohol for 24 hours prior to dosing until final post-dose assessment at each treatment level
  • Consumption of red wine, Seville oranges, grapefruit or grapefruit juice from 7 days prior to the first dose of study medication until collection of the final pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic blood samples
• History of sensitivity to any of the study medications, or components thereof or a history of drug or other allergy that, in the opinion of the physician responsible, contraindicates their participation. This includes sensitivity to heparin, if heparin will be used to maintain catheter patency.
• Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood in excess of 500 mL within a 56 day period.
• Subject is either an immediate family member of a participating investigator, study coordinator, employee of an investigator; or is a member of the staff conducting the study.