Untreated, clinical stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and matching healthy control subjects will be recruited to participate in this study.

Untreated patients have not yet had either complete surgical removal of their lung cancer, any chemotherapy, or any radiation therapy to treat their lung cancer.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with untreated stage I-II NSCLC OR Healthy control subjects: with a > 20 pack year history of cigarette smoking OR Never smokers (defined as less than 100 cigarettes over subject's lifetime)

   • The investigators recognize that pathologic confirmation is not always available prior to surgical resection of a lung mass. To account for this, subjects with a suspicious lung mass concerning for lung cancer, can be enrolled on this trial, and submit a saliva sample prior to surgical resection (ideally within 45 days of planned surgery).
2. Adults age 40-79
3. Ability to understand the investigational nature of the study and sign the informed consent in accordance with institutional and FDA guidelines

Exclusion Criteria:

1. No active pulmonary infection, i.e. bronchitis or pneumonia for 6 months
2. No use of steroid inhalers for > 6 months
3. No other prior malignancy is allowed except for adequately treated basal or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, or other cancers from which the patient has been disease-free for 5 years