• The appearance among patients of symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza. [ Time Frame: Influenza season Nov-Apr. Within 72 hours of illness onset throat swab specimens will be obtained from participants with influenza like illness (ILI). ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Any measurable increase in antibody titers, and the proportion with antibody levels considered protective. [ Time Frame: Annual enrollment, post vaccination Oct-Jan, and post season Apr-May. ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Influenza occurs on an annual basis, producing significant mortality in most years, mainly in those with underlying conditions and those at extremes of age. This study is a placebo-controlled trial to examine efficacies of the live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines, and immune correlates of protection; the study will take place in Michigan over a three year period, and will target adults aged 18-49 years. Both vaccine preparations are licensed for this age group. In the first year, participants will be randomly assigned to receive one of the two licensed vaccines or placebo. In the second year, participant receipt of vaccine (updated according to national recommendations) or placebo will continue as assigned in the first year for returning participants, and new enrollees will be randomly assigned to intervention. In the third year, when duration of immunity will be evaluated, no interventions will be given. In all study years, blood specimens for serologic studies and specimens for virus identification will be collected and a number of laboratory studies will be performed so that it will be possible to achieve the study's objectives. The primary annual study outcome for efficacy is the proportion of subjects with laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza A or B illness, defined as influenza virus isolated in tissue culture from a throat swab obtained from a participant during an episode of illness meeting the influenza case definition that is confirmed as influenza by fluorescent antibody or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques; or serologic confirmation of influenza infection in a participant with an episode of illness meeting the influenza case definition, specifically a 4-fold rise in hemagglutinin inhibition assay (HAI) antibody titer to a circulating influenza strain between post-vaccination (pre-season) and post-season paired sera. The influenza case definition is illness with at least one respiratory symptom (cough or nasal congestion) and at least one constitutional symptom (fever or feverishness, chills or body aches). Subjects will be evaluated for serious adverse events throughout each annual study period. Annually, the proportion of participants with local reactions during the first seven days or any adverse reactions during the first thirty days after vaccine receipt will be compared with recipients of placebo.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Persons must be adult men and women aged 18-49 years.
• Persons must be able and willing to provide informed consent.
• Persons must expect to reside in the study area during the entire study period and be interested in participating each year.
• Persons must be willing to receive the licensed live-attenuated vaccine (FluMist) or placebo given as a nasal spray, or the licensed inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluzone or Fluvirin) or placebo given as an intramuscular injection.
• Persons must be willing to provide multiple blood specimens collected by venipuncture each year they are in the study. During each of the first two years of study, blood specimens will be collected three times - at the enrollment visit (immediately prior to administration of vaccine or placebo), at the first follow-up visit 3-5 weeks later, and at the end of the influenza season visit (approximately 4-6 months later); during the third year of the study, blood specimens will be collected twice only, at visits before and after the influenza season.
• Persons must be willing to notify study personnel in the event of influenza-like illness, to provide information on illness symptoms, and to permit collection of a throat culture (swab) specimen for laboratory studies.
• Persons must be willing to not receive an influenza vaccine while participating - other than that (influenza vaccine or placebo) received as study medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Persons with any health condition for which the inactivated vaccine is recommended (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - ACIP) including: chronic diseases of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems (including asthma); chronic metabolic diseases (including diabetes); renal dysfunction; hemoglobinopathies; immune deficiency disease (including HIV infection) or on-going immunosuppressive therapy.
• Persons who are currently pregnant, nursing mothers or planning a pregnancy within one month of vaccination.
• Persons with hypersensitivity to egg, egg protein, thimerosal (a preservative) or the antibiotic Gentamicin (also know as Garamycin).
• Persons who have had a prior serious reaction to influenza vaccine, or ever had Guillain-Barre syndrome.
• Persons who are living in a household with or have direction occupational contact with immunosuppressed individuals (including health care workers with direct patient contact).
• Persons who have received an influenza vaccine for the influenza season in which they are to be first enrolled or those who plan to receive an influenza vaccine during their participation in the study - other than that (influenza vaccine or placebo) received as study medication.
• Persons who have received any other vaccine within one week prior to enrollment (may delay enrollment).
• Persons who have had a respiratory illness or illness with fever within 3 days of study enrollment (may delay enrollment).
• Persons who are participating in another research study involving any study medications (medicines or vaccines).