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Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch
Human Ehrlichiosis in the United States
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Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch Human Ehrlichiosis in the United States VRZB Home | DVRD Home | NCID Home |
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Disclaimer: The journal articles and other materials listed below are provided to give an overview of many aspects of ehrlichiosis and are not intended to be an extensive compilation of the literature. Additional sources not listed here should be consulted for further detail. Bakken, J.S. (1998). The discovery of human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine,132, 175-180. Bakken, J. S., Dumler, J. S., Chen, S.M., Eckman, M. R., Van Etta, L. L., & Walker, D. H. (1994). Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper Midwest: a new species emerging? Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 212-218. Bakken, J.S., Goellner, P., Van Etten, M., Boyle, D.Z., Swonger, D.L., Mattson, S., Krueth, J., Tilden, R.L., Asanovich, K., Walls, J., & Dumler, J.S. (1998). Seroprevalence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis among permanent residents of northwestern Wisconsin. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27(6), 1491-1496. Buller, R.S., Arens, M., Hmiel, S.P., Paddock, C.D., Sumner, J.W., Rikhisa, Y., Unver, A., Gaudreault-Keener, M., Manian, F.A., Liddell, A.M., Schmulewitz, N., & Storch, G.A. (1999). Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 341(3), 148-155. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1996) Human ehrlichiosis -- Maryland, 1994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 45, 798-802. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1995) Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis -- New York, 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 44, 593-595. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Statewide surveillance for ehrlichiosis--Connecticut and New York, 1994-1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,47, 476-480. Chen, S. M., Dumler, J. S., Bakken, J. S., & Walker, D. H. (1994). Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32, 589-595. Childs, J.E., Sumner, J.W., Massung, R.F., Standaert, S.M., & Paddock, C.D. (1999). Outcome of diagnostic tests using samples from patients with culture-proven human monocytic ehrlichiosis: implications for surveillance. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(9), 2997-3000. Comer, J.A., Nicholson, W.L., Olson, J.G., & Childs, J.E. (1999). Serologic testing for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis at a national reference center. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(3), 558-564. Comer, J.A., Nicholson, W.L., Sumner, J.W., Olson, J.G., & Childs, J.E. (1999). Diagnosis of human ehrlichiosis by PCR assay of acute-phase serum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37(1), 31-34. Daniels, T.J., Falco, R.C., Schwartz, I., Varde, S., & Robbins, R.G. (1997). Deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis) and the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a New York City park. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3(3), 353-355. Dennis, D.T., Nekomoto, T.S., Victor, J.C., Paul, W.S., & Piesman, J. (1998). Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari:Ixodidae) in the United States. Journal of Medical Entomology, 35(5), 629-638. Dumler, J.S. & Bakken, J.S. (1995). Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 20, 1102-1110. Dumler, J. S., Asanovich, K. M., Bakken, J. S., Richter, P., Kimsey, R., & Madigan, J. E. (1995). Serologic cross-reactions among Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and the human granulocytic ehrlichia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 1098-1103. Eng, T.R., Harkess, J.R., Fishbein, D.B., Dawson, J.E., Greene, C.N., Redus, M.A., & Satalowich, F.T. (1990). Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1988. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(17), 2251-2257. Fishbein, D.B., Dawson, J.E., & Robinson, L.E. (1994). Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985 to 1990. Annals of Internal Medicine, 120(9), 736-743. Foley, J.E., Barlough, J.E., Kimsey, R.B., Madigan, J.E., DeRock, E. & Poland, A. (1998). Ehrlichia spp. in cervids from California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 34(4), 731-737. Glushko, G.M. (1997). Human ehrlichiosis: yet another zebra or a recently recognized horse? Postgraduate Medicine, 101(6), 225-230. Harwood, R.F. & James, M.T. (1979). Entomology in human and animal health. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Hodzic, E., Fish, D., Maretzki, C.M., DeSilva, A.M., Feng, S. & Barthold, S.W. (1998). Acquistion and transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(12), 3574-3578. Horowitz, H.W., Aguero-Rosenfield, M., Dumler, J.S., McKenna, D.F., Hsieh, T., Wu, J., Schwartz, I., Wormser, G.P. (1998). Reinfection with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Annals of Internal Medicine,129, 461-463. Jacobs, R.F. & Schultz, G.E. (1997). Ehrlichiosis in children. Journal of Pediatrics, 131, 184-192. Katavolos, P., Armstrong, P.M, Dawson, J.E., & Telford, S.R. III (1998). Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 177, 1422-1425. Laudicina, R.J. & Hilger, A. E. (1997). Human ehrlichiosis: a case review. Clinical Laboratory Science, 10(3), 149-166. Levin, M.L., des Vignes, F., & Fish, D. (1999). Disparity in the natural cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(2), 204-208. Little, S.E., & Howerth, E.W. (1999). Ehrlichia chaffeensis in archived tissues of a white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(3), 596-599. Lockhart, J.M., Davidson, W.R., Stallknecht, D.E., Dawson, J.E., & Little, S.E. (1997). Natural history of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in the piedmont physiographic province of Georgia. Journal of Parasitology, 83(5), 887-894. Maeda, K. Markowitz, N. Hawley, R.C., Ristic, M., Cox, D., & McDade, J.E. (1987). Human infection with Ehrlichia canis, a leukocytic rickettsia. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 853-856. Magnarelli, L.A., Ijdo, J.W., Stafford, K.C., & Fikrig, E. (1999). Infections of granulocytic ehrlichiae and Borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in Connecticut. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(2), 266-274. Magnarelli, L.A., Ijdo, J.W., Dumler, J.S., Heimer, R., & Fikrig, E. (1998). Reactivity of human sera to different strains of granulocytic ehrlichiae in immunodiagnostic assays. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 178(6), 1835-1838. McDade, J.E. (1990). Ehrlichiosis -- a disease of animals and humans. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 161, 609-617. McQuiston, J.H., Paddock, C.D., Holman, R.C., & Childs, J.E. (1999). The human ehrlichioses in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5(5), 635-642. Murphy, G.L., Ewing, S.A., Whitworth, L.C., Fox, J.C., & Kocan, A.A. (1998). A molecular and serologic survey of Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii in dogs and ticks from Oklahoma. Veterinary Parasitology, 79(6), 325-339. Needham, G.R. (1985). Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal. Pediatrics, 75(6), 997-1002. Nicholson, W.L., Comer, J,A., Sumner, J,W., Gingrich-Baker, C., Coughlin, R.T., Magnarelli, L.A., Olson, J.G., & Childs, J.E. (1997). An indirect immunofluorescence assay using a cell culture-derived antigen for detection of antibodies to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35(6), 1510-1516. Nicholson, W.L. (1999). Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as reservoirs of granulocytic ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in northern California. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(10), 3323-3327. Ogden, N.H., Woldehiwet, Z. & Hart, C.A. (1998 ). Granulocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered tick-borne disease? Journal of Medical Microbiology, 47(6), 475-482. Ogden, N.H., Brown, K., Horrocks, B.K., Woldehiwet, Z., & Bennett, M. (1998). Granulocytic Ehrlichia infection in ixodid ticks and mammals in woodlands and uplands of the UK. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12(4), 423-429. Paddock, C.D., Sumner, J.W., Shore, G.M., Bartley, D.C., Elie, R.C., McQuade, J.G., Martin, C.R., Goldsmith, C.S., & Childs, J.E. (1997). Isolation and characterization of Ehrlichia chaffeensis strains from patients with fatal ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35(10), 2496-2502. Persing, D. H. (1997). The cold zone: a curious convergence of tick-transmitted diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases,25(Suppl 1), S35-42. Petrovec, M., Lotric-Furlan, S., Zupanc, T.A., Strle, F., Brouqui, P., Roux, V., Dumler, J.S., (1997). Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic Ehrlichia species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35(6), 1556-1559. Petrovec, M., Sumner, J.W., Nicholson, W.L., Childs, J.E., Strle, F., Barlic, J., Lotric-Furlan, S., Avsic-Zupanc, T. (1999). Identity of ehrlichial DNA sequences derived from Ixodes ricinus ticks with those obtained from patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Slovenia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37(1), 209-210. Pusterla, N., Huder, J.B., Leutenegger, C.M., Braun, U., Madigan, J.E., & Lutz, H. (1999). Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of members of the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup in host animals and Ixodes ricinus ticks. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(5), 1329-1331. Pusterla, N., Leutenegger, C.M., Huder, J.B., Braun, U., & Lutz, H. (1999). Evidence of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Switzerland. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(5), 1332-1334. Rikihisa, Y. (1991). The tribe Ehrlichieae and ehrlichial diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 4(3), 286-308. Rikihisa, Y. (1999). Clinical and biological aspects of infection caused by Ehrlicha chaffeensis [Review]. Microbes and Infection, 1(5), 367-376. Roland, W.E., Everett, E.D., Cyr, T.L., Hasan, S.Z., Dommaraju, C.J., & McDonald, G.A. (1998). Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 59(4), 641-643. Sexton, D.J., Corey, G.R., Carpenter, C., Kong, L.Q., Gandhi, T., Breitschwerdt, E., Hegarty, B., Chen, S., Yu, X., Olano, J., Walker, D.H., & Dumler, J.S. (1998). Dual infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rickettsia: a case report. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(2), 311-316. Sumner, J.W., Childs, J.E., & Paddock, C.D. (1999). Molecular cloning and characterization of the Ehrlichia chaffeensis variable-length PCR target: antigen-expressing gene that exhibits interstrain variation. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(5), 1447-1453. Sumner, J.W., Nicholson, W.L., & Massung, R.F. (1997). PCR amplification and comparison of nucleotide sequences from the groESL heat shock operon of Ehrlichia species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2087-2092. Tachibana, N. (1986). Sennetsu fever: the disease, diagnosis, and treatment. In Leive, L. (Ed.) Microbiology-1986, Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology. Vredovoe, L.K., Righter, P.J., Madigan, J.E., & Kimsey, R.B. (1999). Association of Ixodes pacificus (Acari:Ixodidae) with the spatial and temporal distribution of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in California. Journal of Medical Entomology, 36(5), 551-561. Walker, D. H. (1996). Human ehrlichiosis: more trouble from ticks. Hospital Practice, 34(4), 47-57. Walker, D.H. & Dumler, J.S. (1996). Emergence of the ehrlichioses as human health problems. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2(1), 18-29. Wallace, B.J., Brady, G., Ackman, D.M., Wong, S.J., Jacquette, G., Lloyd, E.E., and Birkhead, G.S. (1998). Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in New York. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 769-773. Walls, J.J., Aguero-Rosenfeld, M., Bakken, J.S., Goodman, J.L., Hossain, D., Johnson, R.C., & Dumler, J.S. (1999) Inter- and intralaboratory comparison of Ehrlichia equi and human granulocytic ehrlichosis (HGE) agent strains for serodiagnosis of HGE by the immunofluorescent antibody test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(9), 2968-2973. Walls, J.J., Asanovich, K.M., Bakken, J.S., & Dumler. J.S. (1998). Serologic evidence of natural infection of white-tailed deer with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin and Maryland. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 5(6), 762-765.
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