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A Country Study: Zaire (Former)
Library of Congress Call Number
DT644 .Z3425 1994
Zaire
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Preface
Table A. Chronology of Important Events
Table B. City Name Changes, 1966-72
Country Profile
Country
Geography
Society
Economy
Transportation and Telecommunications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
(René Lemarchand)
Human Origins
Early Historical Perspectives
State Systems Versus Segmentary Societies
Rulers and Ruled
External Pressures
The Colonial States
The Leopoldian Legacy
Belgian Paternalism: Underlying Postulates
The Apparatus of Control
Postwar Reforms
Nationalist Awakenings
The Rise of Militant Ethnicity: Abako
The Challenge of Territorial Nationalism: Lumumba and the MNC
Settler Politics in Katanga
The Crisis of Decolonization
The Road to Independence
The Mutiny of the Force Publique
The Center No Longer Holds
The Secession of Katanga
The UN Intervention
The First Republic, 1960-65
The Adoula Government, August 1961-July 1964
Rural Insurgencies: The "Second Independence"
Mobutu's Second Coming
The Second Republic, 1965-90: The Rebirth of
Bula Matari
Mobutu, Self-Proclaimed Father of the Nation
Toward Political Reconstruction
The Quest for Legitimacy
The Expansion of State Authority
Zairianization, Radicalization, and Retrocession
External Threats to Regime Stability
The Durability of the Patrimonial State
Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
(Alden Almquist)
Geography and Environment
Rivers and Lakes
Geographic Regions
Climate
Environmental Trends
Population
Size and Growth
Population Distribution
Urbanization: Causes and Characteristics
Languages
Officially Recognized Languages
Other Indigenous Languages
Ethnic Groups
Non-Bantu-Speakers of the Northern Savannas and Forest Fringe
Bantu-Speakers of the Congo River Basin and Its Environs
Bantu-Speakers of the Eastern Forest and Plain
Bantu-Speakers of the Eastern Highlands
Peoples of the Savanna: Southeastern Zaire
Peoples of the Savanna: Lunda Region
Peoples of the Southern Uplands: Kasai-Shaba
Peoples of the Lower Kasai and Its Tributaries
Peoples Between the Kwango and the Kasai
The Kongo Peoples
The Significance of Ethnic Identification
Indigenous Social Systems
Zairian Social Classes
The External Estate
The Politico-Commercial Class
The New Commercial Class
Other High-Status Groups
The Subbourgeoisie
The Working Class
The Informal Sector
Peasants
Polarization and Prospects for Conflict
Strategies for Survival
Coping and Hustling
Theft and Bribery
Patron-Client Relations
Resistance
Flight
The Status of Women
Religion
The Roman Catholic Church
Protestant Churches
The Kimbanguist Church
Other African Christian Movements
Jamaa
Kitawala
Traditional African Religions
Education
Policy Changes
Institutional Problems
Health and Medical Services
Incidence of Disease
Health Care System
Sanitation and Nutrition
Family Planning
Chapter 3 - The Economy
(Hampton Smith, Tim Merrill, and Sandra W. Meditz)
Background and Overview of the Economy
Early Economic Activity
From Colonial Times to Independence
Postindependence
Zairianization
Economic Decline
The 1983 Reforms
The 1987 Plan
The 1989 Reform
Role of Government
Parastatals
Patrimonial Politics and Corruption
Investment Projects
Structure and Dynamics of the Economy
Gross Domestic Product
The Informal Economy
Currency
Inflation
Budget
Debt
Banking
Labor
Agriculture
National Land Law System
Crops
Forestry
Fishing and Livestock
Mining
Copper and Zinc
Cobalt
Manganese
Tin and Related Minerals
Gold
Diamonds
Industry
Energy
Petroleum and Other Fuels
Electricity
Transportation and Telecommunications
Foreign Economic Relations
Trade and Balance of Payments
Foreign Aid
Foreign Investment
Prospects for Growth
Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
(Thomas Turner)
Postindependence Political Development
Establishment of a Personalistic Regime
The Party-State as a System of Rule
Political Reform in the 1990's
Proclamation of the Third Republic
Subsequent Political Developments, 1990-93
Structure of Government
The Presidency
The National Executive Council
The Legislature
The Judiciary and the Courts
Local Government
Political Dynamics
Managing the Military
Opposition to the Regime prior to 1990
Armed Opposition
Fragmented Exile Movements
The UDPS
Opposition since 1990
Interest Groups
Organized Labor
Religious Groups
Students
Ethnic Groups
Other Interest Groups
The Media
Foreign Policy
Relations with the West
Relations with Belgium
Relations with France
Relations with the United States
Relations with the Communist World
Regional Relations
Involvement in the Angolan Civil War
Relations with Angola since the War
Relations with Other Neighbors
Relations with North Africa
Chapter 5 - National Security
(Roger C. Glickson and Joshua Sinai)
National Security Environment
Evolution of the Armed Forces
The Colonial Period
The Congolese National Army
The Military under Mobutu
Creation of the Zairian Armed Forces
Involvement in Angola
Shaba I
Shaba II
Public Attitudes Toward the Military
Armed Forces Mission and Organization
Army
Navy
Air Force
National Gendarmerie
Armed Forces Manpower and Training
Recruitment and Retention
Conditions of Service
Military Schools
Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
Foreign Military Relations
Foreign Influences
Zaire as a Military Aid Donor
Public Order and Internal Security
The Civil Security Apparatus
Development of a National Police Force
National Gendarmerie
The Civil Guard
Local Police
The Intelligence Apparatus and Security Forces
The Party Security Apparatus
Popular Attitudes Toward the Civil Security Apparatus
The Legal and Penal Systems
Criminal Law and the Penal Code
The Judicial System
The Prison System
Civil and Human Rights
Appendix. Tables
Bibliography
Glossary
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