Primary Outcome Measures:
- LDF blood flow [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- LDF velocity [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- finger skin temperature [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- core body temperature [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- corneal temperature [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- subjective sleepiness [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- subjective ratings of thermal comfort [ Time Frame: repeated after each challenge ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Distal vasomotions and choroidal blood flow changes to internal cooling/warming and external cooling/warming was studied in VS and controls.Core cooling was induced by drinking of 250g ice/water mixture (4°C). Core warming was induced by drinking of 250g warm water (55°C). The study was controlled with respect to posture and room temperature.