• The primary efficacy : Patient's assessment of "worst pain in the past 24 hours" Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) questions, scored daily in the patient's diary.
  

• Other questionnaires relating to pain,general well being, use of breakthrough-pain medication, changes to dosage of study medication, safety and tolerability variables captured from patient diary or scored by investigator and patient at end of each study
  

This was a phase-3, multicenter, multinational, randomized (patients are assigned different treatments based on chance), active-controlled, double-blind, multiple-ascending-dose, parallel-group study in adult patients with cancer pain who receive and/or require strong oral or transdermal opioid analgesics (60-540 mg of oral morphine equivalents daily). This study consisted of 2 phases: an initial immediate release (IR) phase and a subsequent slow release (SR) phase. Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either OROS hydromorphone HCl or morphine sulfate (immediate release formulation in the immediate release phase, slow release formulation in the slow release phase). In the immediate release phase (2-9 days), patients were started on the appropriate initial dose of immediate release medication every 4 hours (q4h), (6 doses/day) using a 5:1 conversion ratio (morphine equivalents:hydromorphone dosage). If the patient had greater than 3 breakthrough-pain episodes requiring additional pain medication in 24 hours, the study medication dosage was increased, at most once a day. When the patient had achieved dose-stable pain control (2 days with 3 or less than 3 breakthrough-pain episodes per day), the patient was permitted to continue into the slow release phase. The patient was given an equivalent dosage of a slow release formulation of the same drug (OROS® hydromorphone HCL each day or morphine sulfate slow release two times per day), administered using a double-dummy technique. Dosage increases were permitted every 2 days if the patient had more than 3 breakthrough-pain episodes in 24 hours. To complete the slow release phase, patients had to achieve dose-stable pain control for at least 2 days.Safety assessments of physical examination, labs and adverse event reporting were done.

OROS hydromorphone HCL slow release 8, 16, 32, and 64mg tablets; Morphine sulfate immediate release10, 20, 50 mg capsules;Morphine sulfate slow release 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 160, and 200mg capsules;hydromorphone immediate release 2, 4, 8 mg;The immediate release medications orally every 4 hours;The OROS hydromorphone slow release formulation orally every 24 hours and morphine slow release orally twice daily.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with cancer pain who are currently receiving strong oral or transdermal opioid analgesics or in whom strong opioid analgesics are appropriate
• Patients who requires or are expected to require between 60 and 540 mg of oral morphine or morphine equivalents every 24 hours for the chronic management of cancer pain
• Patients who have pain suitable for treatment with a once-daily formulation
• Patients with concomitant chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient with gastrointestinal (GI) disease of sufficient severity to interfere with orally administered analgesia (eg dysphagia, vomiting, constipation, bowel obstruction, severe gut narrowing) were not permitted to enroll
• Patient where the risks of treatment with morphine or hydromorphone outweighed the potential benefits such as raised intracranial pressure, hypotension, hypothyroidism, asthma, reduced respiratory reserve, prostatic hypertrophy, hepatic or renal impairment, convulsive disorders, and Addison's disease
• Debilitated patients were excluded