Satellite observations of the oceans over the past three decades have
truly revolutionized our understanding of global climate change through global
measurements and modeling of the ocean-atmosphere climate system. Global
data sets of ocean surface topography available on time scales of days to
years (and, looking ahead, to decades) have been and will continue to be a vital
resource for scientists and policy makers in fields like oceanography,
meteorology, ocean commerce, and disaster mitigation.
The nine years of TOPEX/Poseidon observations have contributed to many fundamental
advances in understanding global ocean circulation and its role in climate.
The seasonal changes of ocean surface topography are mapped globally.
These represent the most fundamental climate changes that ocean-atmosphere
coupled models must be able to simulate before they are useful in other applications.
Forecasting models have benefited from the data by improving the ability to
predict events such as El Niño climate cycles. New understanding has been gained on the nature of
long-period ocean waves that transmit climate signals across ocean
basins. The best models for the tides in open ocean have been constructed using TOPEX/Poseidon data,
these have lead to the discovery of the role of tides in deep ocean mixing, an
important factor in determining the patterns of large-scale ocean
circulation. The mean sea level of the global oceans, a key indicator of
global climate change, is being monitored using TOPEX/Poseidon measurements.
This has lead to new understanding of the causes of mean sea level change.
Additionaly, there have been many social and economic benefits:
Look through the Spaceship-to-Shore -- Society Benefits from Ocean Altimetry Data slides to
discover more about some of these important practical uses of ocean altimetry data.
- Climate Research: By modeling changes
in the distribution of heat in the ocean, scientists can study the evolution of weather
patterns from the ocean system.
- Hurricane Forecasting: Altimeter and
scatterometer data are incorporated into atmospheric models for hurricane season forecasting
and individual storm severity.
- El Niño & La Niña Forecasting:
Understanding the pattern and effects of climate cycles such as El Niño helps predict
and mitigate the disastrous effects of floods and drought.
- Ship Routing: Maps of currents, eddies,
and vector winds are used in commercial shipping and recreational yachting to optimize routes.
- Offshore Industries: Cable-laying vessels
and offshore oil operations require accurate knowledge of ocean circulation patterns to minimize
impacts from strong currents.
- Fisheries Management: Satellite data
identify ocean eddies which bring an increase in organisms that comprise the marine food web,
attracting fish and fishermen.
- Marine Mammal Research: Sperm whales,
fur seals, and other marine mammals can be tracked, and therefore studied, around ocean eddies
where nutrients and plankton are abundant.
- Coral Reef Research: Remotely sensed
data are used to monitor and assess coral reef ecosystems, which are sensitive to changes in
ocean temperature.
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