• differential sugar absorption test, serum zonulin [ Time Frame: 5 hour urine collection after administration of test article, serum collected during study visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Behavioral Assessment Scale for Children (BASC) anxiety scores [ Time Frame: collected during study visit ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• T-lymphocyte, eosinophil and mast cell densities on duodenal biopsy samples [ Time Frame: collected during biopsy, patient group only ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Recurrent abdominal pain is a common complaint among school-age children, being present in up to 15% at any given time. It represents the most common chronic pain entity in pediatric patients. The great majority of these patients will have a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID). The most common FGID in these patients is functional dyspepsia (FD), defined as upper abdominal pain or discomfort unrelieved by bowel movement and in the absence of a structural or biochemical explanation for the pain. The etiology of FD is multifactorial, including biological factors, and these factors can be viewed within a biopsychosocial model. Biological factors include inflammation, dysmotility and increased visceral sensitivity. These biological factors are influenced by and are interactive with psychosocial factors such as anxiety, depression and social interaction. This study will evaluate intestinal permeability as a measure of barrier dysfunction and investigate the correlations between increased permeability, mucosal inflammation and anxiety scores to provide further insight into the etiology of FD, thereby assisting in the development and selection of treatment modalities.

Inclusion Criteria:

• abdominal pain of at least 8 weeks duration and fulfilling Rome II symptom based criteria for functional dyspepsia (patient group only);
• undergoing endoscopy to evaluate FD following demonstration of a lack of clinical response to standard acid reduction therapy (patient group only); and,
• informed permission/assent

Exclusion Criteria:

• previous abdominal surgery;
• any chronic non-gastrointestinal illness requiring regular medical care (e.g. diabetes mellitus, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis, cancer);
• any history of an adverse reaction to lactulose or mannitol;
• any use of antacids or laxatives within 1 week prior to the study;
• any use of steroids, antihistamines or antihistamine-like drugs within 4 weeks prior to the study;
• any use of aspirin is prohibited within one week prior to the study;
• any use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) other than aspirin is restricted within one week prior to the study or at the discretion of the Study Physician;
• any use of antibiotics including neomycin (Mycifradin) within 4 weeks prior to the study;
• pregnancy;
• any current or chronic history within the previous 6 months of gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea or constipation (healthy control group only); or
• non-English speaking