NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft show clearly that powerful starquakes ripple around the sun in the wake of mighty solar flares that explode above its surface. The observations give solar physicists new insight into a long-running solar mystery, and may even provide a way of studying other stars.

This is an image of the extremely powerful solar flare on November 4, 2003, taken by the SOHO spacecraft. The image reveals hot gas in the solar atmosphere in false color, and the flare is the bright, white area on the right edge of the sun. The horizontal line through the flare is not real; it's just the result of the flare's intense light saturating the detector in the instrument making the image: SOHO's Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope. Credit: The European Space Agency and NASA.
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> View video (mpeg) The outermost quarter of the sun’s interior is a layer of hot gas that is constantly churning. Turbulence in this region causes ripples that criss-cross the solar surface, making it heave up and down in a patchwork pattern of peaks and troughs.

SOHO has proved to be an exceptional spacecraft for studying this phenomenon. Discovering how the ripples move around the sun has provided valuable information about the sun’s interior conditions. A class of vibrations, or oscillations, called the five-minute oscillations (with a frequency of around three millihertz) have proven particularly useful.

According to conventional thinking, the five-minute oscillations can be thought of as the sound you would get from a bell sitting in the middle of the desert and constantly being touched by random sand grains, blown on the wind. But what Christoffer Karoff and Hans Kjeldsen, both at the University of Aarhus, Denmark, saw in the data, was very different.

"The signal we saw was like someone occasionally walking up to the bell and striking it, which told us that there was something missing from our understanding of how the sun works," Karoff says.

So they began looking for the culprit and discovered an unexpected correlation with solar flares. It seemed that when the number of solar flares went up, so did the strength of the five-minute oscillations. "The strength of the correlation was so strong that there can be no doubt about it," says Karoff.

A similar phenomenon is known on Earth in the aftermath of large earthquakes. For example, after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, the whole Earth rang with seismic waves like a vibrating bell for several weeks.

The correlation is not the end of the story. Now the researchers have to work to understand the mechanism by which the flares cause the oscillations. "We are not completely sure how the solar flares excite the global oscillations," says Karoff.

In a broader context, the correlation suggests that, by looking for similar oscillations within other stars, astronomers can monitor them for flares. Already, Karoff has used high-technology instruments at major ground-based telescopes to look at other sun-like stars. In several cases, he detected the tell-tale signs of oscillations that might originate from flares.

"Now we need to monitor these stars for hundreds of days," he says. That will require dedicated spacecraft, such as the Convection, Rotation, and Planetary Transits (COROT) space telescope, a French space agency (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) mission with European Space Agency participation. The hard work, it seems, is just starting.

SOHO is a collaboration between the European Space Agency and NASA. Stuart Clark
European Space Agency