• Fasting glycemia; [ Time Frame: 2004 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• fasting and stimulated plasma C-peptide and proinsulin values; [ Time Frame: 2004 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• islet cell autoantibodies; [ Time Frame: 2004 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• body weight gain. [ Time Frame: 2004 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Hypotheses:

Primary: Prophylactic administration of metabolically active insulin can prevent or delay clinical onset of diabetes in a high risk group of nondiabetic siblings as defined by positivity for autoantibodies against IA-2 (IA-2-A).

Secondary: 1) Untreated siblings with positivity for IA-2-A develop clinical diabetes significantly faster than untreated offspring with the same marker positivity. 2) Plasma proinsulin levels increase disproportionately before clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes both in siblings and offspring. 3) Prophylactic administration of metabolically active insulin reduces the plasma proinsulin/C-peptide ratio in non-diabetic antibody positive siblings and offspring. 4) Prophylactic administration of metabolically active insulin reduces the presence and/or levels of diabetes-associated autoantibodies directed against islet cell components.

Endpoints: Fasting glycemia; fasting and stimulated plasma C-peptide and proinsulin values; islet cell autoantibodies; incidence of hypoglycemia; body weight gain.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Sibling/offspring of a Type 1 diabetic patient
• in good general condition
• age 5-39 years

• fasting plasma glucose <126 mg/dL AND an OGTT that is non-diabetic by 1997 ADA criteria (33):

  1. Normal glycemia:

     • fasting plasma glucose < 110 mg/dL and
     • 2 hour plasma glucose < 140 mg/dL

  2. Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG):

     • fasting plasma glucose 110-125 mg/dL and
     • 2 hour plasma glucose < 140 mg/dL

  3. Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT):

     • fasting plasma glucose <110 mg/dL and
     • 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL
• at least positive for IA-2-A
• absence of a protective DQ genotype: A4-B2/X or X/Y or X/X where X = A2-B3.3, A1-B1.9, A1-B1.2, A4-B3.1, A2-B2 or A4.23-B3.1 Y = A1-B1.1, A1-B2, A1-B1.AZH, A3-B2, A3-B3.1, A3-B3.3, A3-B4, A4-B4, A4.23-B4, A4-B3.2, A3-B1.1, A4-B3.3, A4-B1.1 or A4.23-B2 (32)
• cooperative and reliable subject (age ≥ 14 yrs) / parents (age < 14 yrs) giving informed consent by signature; the patient/parents should be informed in sufficient detail on the content and procedure of the protocol, indicating potential risks of insulin therapy; early intervention with metabolically active insulin treatment should be identified as a clinical trial. Both parents should sign and agree with the protocol procedure.

Exclusion Criteria:

• diabetes by 1997 ADA criteria (33):

  • fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, or
  • 2 hour plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL
• donation of blood during the study or within one month prior to screening
• pregnancy or lactation in women
• use of inadequate anticonception by female patients of childbearing potential
• use of illicit drugs or overconsumption of alcohol (> 3 beers/day) or history of drug or alcohol abuse
• being legally incapacitated, having significant emotional problems at the time of the study, or having a history of psychiatric disorders
• having received antidepressant medications during the last 6 months
• treatment with immune modulating or diabetogenic medication (such as corticosteroids)
• presently participating in another clinical study or having done so during the last 12 months
• history of any illness that, in the opinion of the investigator, might confound the results of the study or pose additional risks to the patient