|
States are required to report
fetal deaths if they occur in the 20th week of pregnancy or later, or if they
weigh at least 350 grams.3 The number of fetal deaths may
be underreported in part because of variations in reporting requirements by
States.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1b. Fetal
and infant deaths during perinatal period (28 weeks of gestation to 7 days or
more after birth).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births plus
fetal deaths.
|
|
Baseline
|
7.5 (1997).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of fetal and infant deaths
(from 28 weeks gestation to 7 days after birth).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births plus fetal
deaths (of at least 28 weeks gestation).
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births plus
fetal deaths (20 or more weeks gestation).
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
The number of fetal deaths may be
underreported in part because of variations in reporting requirements by
States.
|
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the infant’s gestational age—the interval
between the first day of the last normal menstrual period (LMP) and the
birth—has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
A description of the perinatal
death measurement has been published by NCHS.3
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1c. All
infant deaths (within 1 year).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.1 (Maternal and Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
7.2 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths to infants under
age 1 year.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
This objective uses a similar
measurement protocol as the comparable Healthy People 2000 objective;
however, all of the baseline data for this objective come from the
period-linked birth and infant death data set (linked file).4
In the linked file, the information from the death certificate is linked to
information on the birth certificate for each infant under 1 year who died
during the calendar year. The purpose of linkage is to use the many variables
and improve racial/ethnic reporting available from the birth certificate. The
comparable Healthy People 2000 objective was tracked using the annual
“unlinked” file5 for the total and black population, and
the cohort (used from 1983–91) or period-(used since 1995) linked file for
the American Indian/Alaska Native and Puerto Rican populations.2
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1d. Neonatal
deaths (within the first 28 days of life).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.1d (Maternal and Infant
Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
4.8 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths infants aged
under 28 days.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Comments provided with
objective 16-1c for more information.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1e. Postneonatal
deaths (between 28 days and 1 year).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.1g (Maternal and Infant
Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
2.4 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths to infants aged
28 days to 11 months.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Comments provided with
objective 16-1c for more information.
|
|
See Part C for a description of NVSS
and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1f. All
birth defects.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
1.6 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infant (under age 1
year) deaths due to birth defects (ICD-9 codes 740-759).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
All of the baseline data for this
objective come from the period-linked birth and infant death data set
(linked file).4 In the linked file, the information from
the death certificate is linked to information on the birth certificate for
each infant under 1 year who died during the calendar year. The purpose of
linkage is to the use the many variables and improve racial/ethnic reporting
available from the birth certificate.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
the NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1g. Congenital
heart defects.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
0.53 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infant (under age 1
year) deaths from congenital heart and vascular defects (ICD-9 codes
745-747).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Comments provided with
objective 16-1f for more information.
|
|
ICD-9 codes 745-746 refer to
congenital anomalies of the heart, and code 747 refers to other congenital
anomalies of the circulatory system.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-1h. Reduce
deaths from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 1,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
0.72 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infant (under age 1
year) deaths from SIDS (ICD-9 code 798.0).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Comments provided with
objective 16-1f for more information.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-2a. Children
aged 1 to 4 years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 100,000 population.
|
|
Baseline
|
34.6 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths among children
aged 1 to 4 years.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of children aged 1 to 4
years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-2b. Children
aged 5 to 9 years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 100,000 population.
|
|
Baseline
|
17.7 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths among children
aged 5 to 9 years.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of children aged 5 to 9
years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-3a. Adolescents
aged 10 to 14 years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 100,000 population.
|
|
Baseline
|
22.1 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths among adolescents
aged 10 to 14 years.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of adolescents aged 10 to
14 years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-3b. Adolescents
aged 15 to 19 years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 100,000 population.
|
|
Baseline
|
70.6 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths among adolescents
aged 15 to 19 years.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of adolescents aged 15 to
19 years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-3c. Young
adults aged 20 to 24 years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 100,000 population.
|
|
Baseline
|
95.3 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of deaths among young
adults aged 20 to 24 years.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of young adults aged 20 to
24 years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
Maternal Deaths and Illnesses
|
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.3 (Maternal and Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Ratio per 100,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
7.1 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of female deaths due to
obstetric causes (ICD-9 codes 630 to 676) within 42 days of a pregnancy.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Caution should be used when
comparing these data with pregnancy-related mortality rates from other
reports. NCHS uses the definition of maternal mortality and related coding
conventions recommended in the ICD-9 by the World Health Organization. Other
definitions may use different time intervals from pregnancy to death and may
be more inclusive with regard to cause of death.
|
|
A description of the maternal
mortality measurement has been published by NCHS.2
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-5a. Maternal
complications during hospitalized labor and delivery.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Hospital Discharge Survey
(NHDS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
State hospital discharge data
systems.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.7 (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 100 deliveries.
|
|
Baseline
|
31.2 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of hospital discharges for
females with any listed diagnosis of maternal complications during
labor/delivery (see Comments).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of hospital discharges for
females who delivered one or more infants (principal diagnosis of ICD-9-CM
code V27).
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. civilian population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
This objective was adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.7, which measured “severe complications of pregnancy,” defined as hospitalizations for
ICD-9-CM codes 630-676 (excluding 635 and 650).2 The data
used to track this Healthy People 2010 objective use any listed diagnosis of
selected ICD-9-CM codes 641-672 (see Appendix E for a detailed list of codes
used).
|
|
Principal diagnosis is the
diagnosis chiefly responsible for admission of the person to the hospital.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHDS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-5b. (Developmental)
Ectopic pregnancies.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
A proposed data source is the
National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHDS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
16-5c. (Developmental)
Postpartum complications, including postpartum depression.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
Prenatal Care
|
16-6a. Care
beginning in first trimester of pregnancy.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Leading Health Indicator
|
Access to Care.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.11 (Maternal and Infant
Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent of live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
83 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of females receiving
prenatal care in the first trimester (three months) of pregnancy.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the fetus’s gestational age—the interval between the first day
of the last normal menstrual period (LMP) and the birth—has been published by
NCHS.1
|
|
This objective uses the same
measurement protocol as the comparable Healthy People 2000 objective 14.11. A
description of the prenatal care measurement has been published by NCHS.2
|
|
This objective is one of the
measures used to track the Access to Care Leading Health Indicator. See
Appendix H for a complete listing.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-6b. Early
and adequate prenatal care.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Percent of live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
74 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of pregnant females
receiving adequate prenatal care(by the Adequacy of Prenatal Care
Utilization Index, APNCU).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
The APNCU is a measure of prenatal
care utilization that combines the month of pregnancy prenatal care begun
with the number of prenatal visits. Rates can be classified as “intensive use,” “adequate,” “intermediate,” or “less than adequate.” For this objective, adequate
prenatal care is defined as a score of either “adequate” or “intensive use.” A discussion of the APNCU has
been published in a previous article.6
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
Proposed data sources include the
National Pregnancy and Health Survey, NIH, NICHD; the National Survey of
Family Growth (NSFG), CDC, NCHS; and the National Health Interview Survey
(NHIS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NSFG and NHIS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
Obstetrical Care
|
|
|
National Data Source
|
Title V Reporting System, HRSA,
MCHB.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Title V Reporting System, HRSA,
MCHB.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.14 (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
73 (1996–97).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of live births at VLBW in
subspecialty facilities (level III facilities).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of infants born live at
VLBW.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the Title V Reporting System
(Performance Measure 17).
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
VLBW is defined as a birth weight
of less than 1,500 grams (3 lbs 4 ozs).
|
|
Data are reported by States each
year as part of the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant application. A
national weighted average is calculated by summing the numerator and
denominator information reported by each jurisdiction.
|
|
This objective differs from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.14, which proposed to track the proportion
of VLBW infants born in facilities covered by a neonatologist 24 hours a day.
No data are available for Healthy People 2000 objective 14.14.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-9a. Women
giving birth for the first time.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.8a (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
18 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of births delivered by
cesarean section to low-risk females giving birth for the first time.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births to low-risk
females giving birth for the first time.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
For this objective a low-risk
female is defined as one with a full-term (at least 37 weeks since LMP),
singleton (not a multiple pregnancy), vertex fetus (head facing in a downward
position in the birth canal).
|
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the fetus’s gestational age, the interval
between the first day of LMP and the birth has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
This objective uses a similar
calculation protocol as the comparable Healthy People 2000 objective (14.8).
The primary differences lie in the data sources used to measure the objective
(the Healthy People 2010 objective used data from birth certificates and the
Healthy People 2000 objective uses data obtained from hospital records) and
the Healthy People 2010 objective focuses on low-risk women, while the
Healthy People 2000 objective targeted all women who have not previously
delivered an infant by cesarean. A description of how to calculate the Healthy
People 2000 cesarean measurement has been published by NCHS.2
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-9b. Prior
cesarean birth.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.8b (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
72 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of cesarean deliveries to
low-risk females who previously delivered an infant by cesarean.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births to low-risk
females who previously delivered an infant by cesarean.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
For this objective a low-risk
female is defined as one with a full-term (at least 37 weeks since LMP),
singleton (not a multiple pregnancy), vertex fetus (head facing in a downward
position in the birth canal).
|
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the fetus’s gestational age, the interval
between the first day of LMP and the birth has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
This objective uses a similar
calculation protocol as the comparable Healthy People 2000 objective (14.8).
The primary differences lie in the data sources used to measure the objective
(the Healthy People 2010 objective uses data from birth certificates and the
Healthy People 2000 objective used data obtained from hospital records) and
the Healthy People 2010 objective focuses on low-risk women while the Healthy
People 2000 objective targets all women who previously delivered an infant by
cesarean. A description of how the Healthy People 2000 cesarean measurement
was calculated has been published by NCHS.2
|
|
This measure is the complement of
the vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) rate for low-risk women.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
Risk Factors
|
16-10a. Low
birth weight (LBW).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.5 (Maternal and Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
7.6 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of live births with birth
weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lbs 8 oz).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-10b. Very
low birth weight (VLBW).
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.5 (Maternal and Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
1.4 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of live births with birth
weight of less than 1,500 grams (3 lbs 4 oz).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-11a. Total
preterm births.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
11.6 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infants born prior to 37
completed weeks of gestation.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the infant’s gestational age, the interval
between the first day of LMP and the birth has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-11b. Live
births at 32 to 36 weeks of gestation.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
9.6 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infants born between 32
and 36 completed weeks of gestation.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the infant’s gestational age—the interval
between the first day of LMP and the birth has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v
v
v
16-11c. Live
births at less than 32 weeks of gestation.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
2.0 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infants born at less
than 32 completed weeks of gestation.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident live births.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine the infant’s gestational age—the interval
between the first day of LMP and the birth has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
|
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be provided at the time of publication.
|
|
|
A proposed data source is the 2003
revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth from the National
Vital Statistics System (NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
|
This objective is adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.6, which used data from the 1998 National
Maternal and Infant Health Survey. That survey has not been repeated. A
description of recommended weight gain for Healthy People 2000 has been
published by NCHS.2
|
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
|
v v v
|
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Infant Sleep Position
Study, NIH, NICHD.
|
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not specified.
|
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
|
Baseline
|
35 (1996).
|
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of infants (less than 8
months) put down to sleep on their backs.
|
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of infants (less than 8
months).
|
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1996 National Infant
Sleep Position Study:
|
|
|
Ø There
are a number of positions that babies can be put in to sleep. Do you have a
position that you usually place the baby in to sleep?
|
|
|
|
[If Yes:]
Would that be:
on his/her side,
on his/her stomach with his/her head face down,
on his/her stomach with his/her head turned to the side,
on his/her back,
or in some other position?
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
|
Comments
|
Study infants include infants
younger than 8 months at time of interview. The total number of infants
studied each year was approximately 1,000. An analysis of the National Infant
Sleep Position Study has been published elsewhere.7
|
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
v v v
Developmental Disabilities and Neural Tube Defects
|
16-14a. Mental retardation.
|
|
National Data Source
|
Metropolitan Atlanta
Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP), CDC, NCEH.
|
|
State Data Source
|
State surveillance systems.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 10,000.
|
|
Baseline
|
131 (1991–94) (metropolitan
Atlanta, GA).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of children aged 8 years
with an IQ of 70 or less whose parent(s) or legal guardian(s) reside in
metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of children aged 8 years
residing in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
Resident population (selected
areas—see Comments).
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
IQ is an acronym for intelligence
quotient.
|
|
If an IQ score was not available,
a written statement by a psychometrist that the child’s intellectual functioning falls
within the range for mental retardation was acceptable.
|
|
Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia,
consists of a five-county area including Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Fulton, and
Gwinnett.
|
|
A description of MADDSP has been
published by CDC.8
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
v v v
16-14b. Cerebral
palsy.
|
|
National Data Source
|
Metropolitan Atlanta
Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP), CDC, NCEH.
|
|
State Data Source
|
State surveillance systems.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Rate per 10,000.
|
|
Baseline
|
32.2 (1991–94) (metropolitan
Atlanta, GA).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of children aged 8 years
with cerebral palsy whose parent(s) or legal guardian(s) reside in
metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of children aged 8 years
residing in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
Resident population (selected
areas—see Comments).
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia,
consists of a five-county area including Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Fulton, and
Gwinnett.
|
|
A definition of cerebral palsy
and a description of MADDSP has been published by CDC.8
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
v v v
16-14c. (Developmental)
Autism spectrum disorder.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
Data will be available from
Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program
(MADDSP), beginning with 1997 data.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
v v v
16-14d (Developmental)
Epilepsy.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could not
be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
Data will be available from
Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program
(MADDSP), beginning with 1997 data.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
v v v
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Birth Defects Prevention
Network (NBDPN), CDC, NCEH.
|
|
State Data Sources
|
State birth defects monitoring
systems; State vital statistics.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.17 (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Ratio per 10,000 live births.
|
|
Baseline
|
6 (1996) (selected States—see
Comments).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of live births and fetal
deaths of 20 or more weeks gestation diagnosed with spina bifida and other
neural tube defects (ICD-9 codes 740-742.0).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
Resident live births plus fetal
deaths (20 or more weeks gestation) (selected States—see Comments).
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
A description of the primary
measurement used to determine an infant’s gestational age—the interval
between the first day of LMP and the birth has been published by NCHS.1
|
|
NCEH is collaborating with more
than 30 States in NBDPN to systematically collect population-based birth
defect data in a timely fashion.
|
|
This objective is comparable to
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.17, which was tracked by the Birth Defects
Monitoring Program (BDMP) through 1993. However, the BDMP system of
voluntary reporting by hospitals was unreliable and no longer exists.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-16a. Consumption
of at least 400 μg of folic acid each day from fortified foods or
dietary supplements by nonpregnant women aged 15 to 44 years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS), CDC, NCCDPHP.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
21 (1991–94).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years who report consuming an average of 400 μg of folic acid daily over the
past month.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. civilian,
noninstitutionalized population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1988–94 National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey:
|
|
Folic acid intake is
estimated from questions regarding vitamin intake for specific vitamin brand
names and the frequency and duration of use.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual, beginning with 1999 data.
|
|
Comments
|
For this measure only folic acid
intake from dietary supplements is included. Folic acid intake from food was
not included. In 1991–94, very few women would have been consuming 400 μg folic acid per day unless they
were taking a supplement containing folic acid.
|
|
The method of calculation of this
objective involves averaging the intake of folic acid in the past month.
Because the number of days in a month varies, the threshold consumption level
used in the calculation of the baseline data for this objective is an average
of 394 μg per day.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHANES and BRFSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
|
v v v
16-16b. Median
red blood cell (RBC) folate level among nonpregnant women aged 15 to 44
years.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Measure
|
Number (ng/ml).
|
|
Baseline
|
160 (1991–94).
|
|
Numerator
|
Median RBC folate level.
|
|
Denominator
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. civilian,
noninstitutionalized population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
Not applicable.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual beginning with 1999 data.
|
|
Comments
|
The median RBC folate is a
population-weighted estimate from a blood specimen collected from women aged
15 to 44 years as part of the standard NHANES protocol.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHANES and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v
v v
Prenatal
Substance Exposure
16-17 Increase
abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit drugs among pregnant women.
6-17a. Alcohol.
|
National Data Source
|
National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse (NHSDA), SAMHSA.
|
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.10 (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
|
Baseline
|
86 (1996–97).
|
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of nonpregnant females,
aged 15 to 44 years, reporting not drinking alcohol at all in the past month
(30 days).
|
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years.
|
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. civilian,
noninstitutionalized population.
|
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1996–97 National
Household Survey on Drug Abuse:
|
|
|
|
Ø
Think about the last time you drank any type of
alcoholic beverage. How long has it been since you last drank an alcoholic
beverage?
If
you last drank an alcoholic beverage within the past 30 days, mark the first
box.
If it has been more than 30 days ago but within the past 12 months that you
last drank an alcoholic beverage, mark the second box.
If it was more than 12 months ago but within the past 3 years, mark the
third box.
If it has been more than 3 years since you last drank and alcoholic
beverage, mark the fourth box.
If you have never drunk an alcoholic beverage in your life, mark the last box.
|
|
|
Ø Are
you currently pregnant?
|
|
|
[If yes:]
o
How many months pregnant are you?
Number of months pregnant _____
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
To ensure adequate precision of
estimates for pregnant women, baseline data are based on combined data from
1996 and 1997 NHSDAs and represent annual average estimates for 1996 and
1997.
|
|
|
This objective is a measure
similar to Healthy People 2000 objective 14.10, which used data from the
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and the National Pregnancy and
Health Survey.
|
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHSDA and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
v v v
|
16-17b. Binge
drinking.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse (NHSDA), SAMHSA.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.10 (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
99 (1996–97).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years reporting not binge drinking at all in the past month (30
days).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. civilian,
noninstitutionalized population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1996–97 National
Household Survey on Drug Abuse:
|
|
Ø During
the past 30 days, on how many days did you have 5 or more drinks on the same
occasion? By “occasion,” we mean at the same time or within a couple of hours
of each other.
On the solid line, write the number of days in the past 30 days when you
drank 5 or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage on the same occasion.
If you
never had 5 or more drinks on the same occasion on any day when you drank
during the past 30 days, mark the first box.
If you
have never drunk an alcoholic beverage in your life, mark the last box.
|
|
Ø Are
you currently pregnant?
|
|
[If yes:]
o
How many months pregnant are you?
Number of months pregnant _____
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Binge drinking is defined as
drinking five or more alcoholic drinks on the same occasion on at least one
day in the past 30 days. By “occasion” is meant at the same time or within a
couple of hours of each other.
|
|
To ensure adequate precision of
estimates for pregnant women, baseline data are based on combined data from
1996 and 1997 NHSDAs and represent annual average estimates for 1996 and
1997.
|
|
This objective is adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.10, which measured use of alcohol during
pregnancy data from the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and the
National Pregnancy and Health Survey. Binge drinking during pregnancy was not
addressed in Healthy People 2000.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHSDA and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-17c. Cigarette
smoking.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
State Data Source
|
National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.10 (Maternal and Infant
Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
87 (1998) (selected areas—see
Comments).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of women having live births
reporting abstaining from cigarette smoking during pregnancy.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of live births.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
Resident population (selected
areas—see Comments).
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the U.S. Standard Certificate
of Live Birth (1989 revision):
|
|
Ø Other
risk factors for this pregnancy - Complete all items.
[A number of check boxes are provided
including...] Tobacco use during pregnancy........... yes ¨ no ¨
Average number of cigarettes per day ______
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Baseline data for smoking during
pregnancy are for 46 States, the District of Columbia, and New York City.
Data on smoking during pregnancy were not available for California, Indiana,
New York State (New York City did report), and South Dakota.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NVSS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-17d. Illicit
drugs.
|
|
National Data Source
|
National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse (NHSDA), SAMHSA.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.10 (Maternal and
Infant Health).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
98 (1996–97).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years reporting not using any illicit drugs in the past month (30
days).
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of nonpregnant females aged
15 to 44 years who were pregnant.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. civilian,
noninstitutionalized population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1996–97 National
Household Survey on Drug Abuse:
|
|
[The following question is
asked separately for each illicit drug: marijuana or hashish, cocaine,
“crack,” heroin, hallucinogens, and inhalants:]
Ø How long has it been since you last used
[marijuana or hashish, cocaine, “crack,” heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants]?
If your answer is within the past 30 days, mark the first box.
If your answer is more than 30 days ago but within the past 12 months, mark
the second box.
If your answer is more than 12 months ago but within the past 3 years, mark
the third box.
If your answer is more than 3 years ago, mark the next-to-last box.
If you have never used (marijuana or hashish, cocaine, “crack,” heroin,
hallucinogens, inhalants) in your life, mark the last box.
|
|
[The following questions are
asked separately for nonmedical use of analgesics (prescription pain
killers), tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives:]
Ø
As you read the following list of (prescription pain
killers, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives), please mark one box beside each
(pain killer, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives) to indicate whether you
have ever used that (pain killer, tranquilizers, stimulants,
sedatives) when it was not prescribed for you, or that you took only
for the experience or feeling it caused. Again, we are interested in all
kinds of (prescription pain killers, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives),
in pill or nonpill form.
[This question is followed by
a list of common drugs in the category specified and the following additional
questions:]
|
|
Ø Have you ever used a (pain killer,
tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives) whose name you don’t know that was not
prescribed for you, or that you took only for the experience or feeling it
caused? If “YES,” mark the first box;
if “NO,” mark the second box.
|
|
Ø Have
you ever used any other (pain killer, tranquilizers, stimulants,
sedatives) besides the ones listed above, that was not prescribed for
you, or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused? PLEASE PRINT NAME(S) OF OTHER [PAIN
KILLERS, TRANQUILIZERS, STIMULANTS, SEDATIVES] BELOW. If “YES,” mark the
first box; if “NO,” mark the second box.
[If the respondent reported use of any (pain
killer, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives) they are asked:]
|
|
Ø How
long has it been since you last used (a pain killer, tranquilizers,
stimulants, sedatives) that was not prescribed for you, or that you took only
for the experience or feeling it caused?
If your answer is within the past 30 days, mark the first box.
If your answer is more than 30 days ago but within the past 12 months, mark
the second box.
If your answer is more than 12 months ago but within the past 3 years, mark
the third box.
If your answer is more than 3 years ago, mark the next-to-last box.
|
|
Ø Are
you currently pregnant?
|
|
[If “yes”:]
o
How many months pregnant are you?
Number of months pregnant _____
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Illicit drugs are defined as
marijuana or hashish, cocaine (including crack), inhalants, hallucinogens
(including PCP and LSD), heroin, and nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
|
|
To ensure adequate precision of
estimates for pregnant women, baseline data are based on combined data from
1996 and 1997 NHSDAs and represent annual average estimates for 1996 and
1997.
|
|
This objective is adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.10, which tracked abstinence from marijuana
and cocaine use during pregnancy with data from the National Maternal and
Infant Health Survey and the National Pregnancy and Health Survey. The
Healthy People 2010 objective measures abstinence from any illicit drug.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHSDS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
|
v v v
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
A proposed data source is the
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Network (FASNet), CDC.
|
|
This objective is comparable to
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.4, which was tracked by the Birth Defects
Monitoring Program (BDMP) through 1993. However, the BDMP system of voluntary
reporting by hospitals was unreliable and no longer exists.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
Breastfeeding, Newborn Screening, and Service
Systems
|
16-19a. In early postpartum period.
|
|
National Data Source
|
Mothers’ Survey, Ross Products Division,
Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.9 (Maternal and Infant Health)
(also 2.11).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
64 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of mothers who indicate
that breast milk is at least one of the types of milk their infant was fed in
the hospital.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of mothers of infants aged 1
to 12 months.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1998 Mothers’ Survey:
|
|
Ø Please
check the milks your youngest baby was fed in the hospital:
Breast milk
(List of formulas)
Cow’s milk
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Early postpartum breastfeeding is
defined as breastfeeding a newborn infant before being discharged from the
hospital.
|
|
Surveys are sent out monthly to a
sample of mothers with infants of every month of age between 1 month and 12
months. All are asked about the milk their infants were fed in the hospital,
so the entire sample forms the denominator for this objective.
|
|
Respondents can check more than
one type of milk. If breast milk is checked, the mother is considered to be
breastfeeding, regardless of whether other milk or formulas are used.
|
|
A description of the Mothers’ Survey has been published
elsewhere.9
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-19b. At 6
months.
|
|
National Data Source
|
Mothers’ Survey, Ross Products Division,
Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
14.9 (Maternal and Infant Health)
(also 2.11).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
29 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of mothers who indicate
that breast milk is at least one of the types of milk their infant was fed 6
months after delivery.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of mothers of infants aged
6 months.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1998 Mothers’ Survey:
|
|
Ø Please
check the milks your youngest baby was fed most often in the last week:
Breast milk
(List of formulas)
Cow’s milk
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Surveys are sent out monthly to a
sample of mothers with infants of every month of age between 1 month and 12
months.
|
|
Respondents can check more than
one type of milk. If breast milk is checked, the mother is considered to be
breastfeeding, regardless of whether other milk or formulas are used as well.
|
|
A description of the Mothers’ Survey has been published
elsewhere.9
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
16-19c. At 1
year.
|
|
National Data Source
|
Mothers’ Survey, Ross Products Division,
Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 14.9 (Maternal and
Infant Health) (also 2.11).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
16 (1998).
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of mothers who indicate
that breast milk is at least one of the types of milk their infant was fed 1
year after delivery.
|
|
Denominator
|
Number of mothers of infants aged
1 year.
|
|
Targeted Population
|
U.S. resident population.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the 1998 Mothers’ Survey:
|
|
Ø Please
check the milks your youngest baby was fed most often in the last week:
Breast milk
(List of formulas)
Cow’s milk
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Surveys are sent out monthly to a
sample of mothers with infants of every month of age between 1 month and 12
months.
|
|
Respondents can check more than
one type of milk. If breast milk is checked, the mother is considered to be
breastfeeding, regardless of whether other milk or formulas are used as well.
|
|
A description of the Mothers’ Survey has been published
elsewhere.9
|
|
This objective is comparable to
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.9; however, the measurement of infants aged
1 year is new to Healthy People 2010.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-20a. Ensure
that all newborns are screened at birth for conditions mandated by their
State-sponsored newborn screening programs, for example, phenylketonuria and
hemoglobinopathies.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
Proposed data sources are the
Title V Performance Measures, HRSA, MCHB and the National Newborn Screening
and Genetic Resource Center.
|
|
This objective is adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.15, which measured newborns screened by
State-sponsored programs for genetic disorders and referral for appropriate
treatment. Healthy People 2000 objective 14.15 was tracked with data from the
Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services, Association of State and Territorial
Public Health Laboratory Directors.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
|
16-20b. Ensure
that followup diagnostic testing for screening positives is performed within
an appropriate time period.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
Proposed data sources are the
Title V Performance Measures, HRSA, MCHB, and the National Newborn Screening
and Genetic Resource Center.
|
|
This objective is adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.15, which measured newborns screened by
State-sponsored programs for genetic disorders and referral for appropriate
treatment. Healthy People 2000 objective 14.15 was tracked with data from the
Council of Regional Networks for Genetic Services, Association of State and
Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
16-20c. Ensure
that infants with diagnosed disorders are enrolled in appropriate service
interventions within an appropriate time period.
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
Proposed data sources are the
Title V Performance Measures, HRSA, MCHB, and the National Newborn Screening
and Genetic Resource Center.
|
|
This objective is Healthy People
2000 objective 14.15, which measured newborns screened by State-sponsored
programs for genetic disorders and referral for appropriate treatment.
Healthy People 2000 objective 14.15 was tracked with data from the Council of
Regional Networks for Genetic Services, Association of State and Territorial
Public Health Laboratory Directors.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
|
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
A proposed data source is the
National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), CDC, NCHS.
|
|
See Part C for a description of
NHDS and Appendix A for focus area contact information.
|
v v v
|
|
|
Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
|
|
A proposed data source is the
Title V Reporting System, HRSA, MCHB.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
|
v v v
|
|
National Data Source
|
Title V Block Grant Application
Form 13, HRSA, MCHB.
|
|
State Data Source
|
Not identified.
|
|
Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 17.20 (Diabetes and
Other Chronic Disabling Conditions).
|
|
Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
15.7 (1997)
|
|
Numerator
|
Number of States and Territories
that have a score of at least 10 (of a possible 12) on a four-part rating of
aspects of a coordinated continuum of appropriate services for children with
special health care needs (CSHCN).
|
|
Denominator
|
59 States and Territories.
|
|
Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
From the Title V Block Grant
Application (Form 13), in which State Title V officials are asked to rate
their programs on the following criteria:
|
|
·
State program collaboration with other State agencies
and private organizations. The State has established and maintained on
ongoing interagency collaborative process for the assessment of needs with
respect to the development of community-based systems of services for CSHCN.
State programs collaborate with other agencies and organizations in the
formulation of coordinated policies, standards, data collection and analysis,
financing of services, and program monitoring to assure comprehensive,
coordinated services for CSHCN and their families.
|
|
·
State support for communities. State programs
emphasize the development of community-based programs by establishing and
maintaining a process for facilitating community systems building through
mechanisms such as technical assistance and consultation, education and
training, common data protocols, and financial resources for communities
engaged in systems development to assure that the unique needs of CSHCN are
met.
|
|
·
Coordination of health components of community-based
systems. A mechanism exists in communities across the State for coordination
of health services with one another. This includes coordination among
providers of primary care, habilitative and rehabilitative services, other
specialty medical treatment services, mental health services, and home health
care.
|
|
·
Coordination of health services with other services
at the community level. A mechanism exists in communities across the State
for coordination and service integration among programs serving CSHCN,
including early intervention and special education, social services, and
family support services.
|
|
Expected Periodicity
|
Annual.
|
|
Comments
|
Possible responses to each are 0
(not met), 1 (partially met), 2 (mostly met), and 3 (completely met). The
State’s
score is the sum of the four ratings.
|
|
This objective is adapted from
Healthy People 2000 objective 17.20, which tracked the number of States that
had service systems for children with or at risk of chronic disabling
conditions, as required by Public Law 101-239. A data source was never
identified to track Healthy People 2000 objective 17.20.
|
|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
|
v v v
References
1. Ventura, S.J.;
Martin, J.A.; Curtin, S.C.; et al. Births: Final data for 1998. National
Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48, No. 3. Hyattsville, MD: National Center
for Health Statistics (NCHS), 2000.
2. Heck, K.E., and Klein, R.J. Operational definitions for
year 2000 objectives: Priority area 14, Maternal and Infant Health. Healthy
People 2000 Statistical Note. No. 14. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 1998.
3. NCHS. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1992. Vol.
II, Mortality: Section 7, Technical Appendix. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 1994.
4. MacDorman, M.F., and Atkinson, J.O. Infant mortality
statistics from the 1997 period linked birth/infant death data set. National
Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 47, No. 23. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 1999.
5. Martin, J.A.; Smith, B.L.; Mathews, T.J.; et al. Births
and deaths: Preliminary data for 1998. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol.
47, No. 25. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, 1999.
6. Kotelchuch, M. An evaluation of the Kessner adequacy of
prenatal care index and a proposed adequacy of prenatal care utilization index.
American Journal of Public Health 84(9):1414-1420, 1994.
7. Willinger, M.; Hoffman, H.J.; Wu, K.T.; et al. Factors
associated with the transition to nonprone sleep positions of infants in the
United States: The National Infant Sleep Position Study. Journal of the
American Medical Association 280(4):329-335, 1998.
8. Boyle, C.A.; Yeargin-Allsopp, M.; Doernberg, N.S.; et al.
Prevalence of selected developmental disabilities in children 3-10 years of
age: The Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program,
1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries
45(SS-2):1-14, 1996.
9. Ryan, A.S. The resurgence of breastfeeding in the United
States. Pediatrics 99(4), 1997.
<http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/99/4/e12>
