• Number of lung cancer cases detected early by spiral CT scan and autofluorescence bronchoscopy [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Number of interval lung cancer cases [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Stage distribution of lung cancer cases [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Prevalence of lung nodules and differences in geographic distribution across Canada [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Rate of detection of other incidental significant treatable diseases [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Type and costs of downstream investigation and treatment related to abnormalities found by the screening procedures, whether the final diagnosis is lung cancer or not [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Potential physical and psychosocial impact on participants [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Adverse events [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Logistics/barriers for an early detection program [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

OBJECTIVES:

• To develop a new multi-modal screening strategy and integrated methods to detect lung cancer early in current and former smokers.
• To evaluate the impact of the screening modalities on the quality of life of these participants.
• To develop a decision analytic framework for determining the cost and effectiveness of a novel lung cancer screening strategy in Canada.

OUTLINE: This is a multicenter study.

Participants undergo spirometry at baseline. Participants also undergo spiral CT scan at baseline and then at 1 and 2 years. Participants with semi-solid or solid nodules of 5-10 mm or ground glass opacity (GGO) 8-10 mm or those with growth of an existing nodule, development of a solid component in GGO, or a new nodule undergo an additional CT scan at 3 months. Some participants also undergo autofluorescence and white light bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsies.

Blood samples are collected at baseline and then annually for 2 years for biomarker studies. Participants diagnosed with lung cancer undergo additional blood sample collection for biomarker studies.

Participants complete questionnaires on sociodemographic factors, smoking, occupational exposure, family history, medical data, quality of life, and anxiety at baseline and then every 6 months for up to 2 years.

DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

• Current or former smoker

  • A former smoker is defined as one who has stopped smoking ≥ 1 year but < 15 years ago
• Estimated 1-year lung cancer risk ≥ 1%

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

• ECOG performance status 0-1
• Not pregnant
• Willing to undergo a spiral chest CT scan
• No severe heart disease (e.g., unstable angina or chronic congestive heart failure)
• No acute or chronic respiratory failure
• No bleeding disorder
• No other medical condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would preclude the participant's safety during study participation or that would unlikely benefit the participant from screening due to shortened life expectancy from the co-morbidity

• No diagnosis of cancer, except for any of the following that were previously treated ≥ 5 years ago:

  • Non-melanomatous skin cancer
  • Localized prostate cancer
  • Carcinoma in situ of the cervix
  • Superficial bladder cancer
• No known reaction to xylocaine, salbutamol, midazolam, or alfentanil

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

• More than 2 years since prior chest CT scan
• No concurrent anti-coagulant treatment (e.g., warfarin or heparin)