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Guide to Foreign Trade StatisticsDescription of the Foreign Trade Statistical ProgramCONTENTS
1. AUTHORITYThe legal authority for the collection and publication of U.S. foreign commerce and trade statistics is established by Title 13, Chapter 9; and Title 18, Section 1905 of the United States Code (USC), and by regulatory mandate in Title 15 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 30.90-30.91. Title 13 directs the Secretary of Commerce to collect, compile, and publish foreign trade statistics on a monthly and cumulative basis. 2. SOURCE OF INFORMATIONExportsInformation on U.S. exports of merchandise from the U.S. to all countries, except Canada, is compiled from copies of Shipper's Export Declarations (SEDs) and SED data from qualified exporters, forwarders, or carriers. Copies of SED's are required to be filed with Customs officials at the port of export. The SED is unique among Census Bureau forms since it is not sent to respondents soliciting responses as in the case of surveys. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection initially collects the SED at the port of export and subsequently transmits it to the Census Bureau. Each SED represents a shipment of one or more kinds of merchandise from one exporter to one foreign importer on a single carrier. Filing the SED is mandatory under Chapter 9, Title 13, United States Code. Qualified exporters, forwarders, or carriers submit SED data by automated means directly to the U.S. Census Bureau. The United States is substituting Canadian import statistics for U.S. exports to Canada in accordance with a 1987 Memorandum of Understanding signed by the Census Bureau, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Canadian Customs, and Statistics Canada. Similarly, under this Memorandum of Understanding, Canada is substituting U.S. import statistics for Canadian exports to the United States. This data exchange includes only U.S. exports destined for Canada and does not include shipments destined for third countries by routes passing through Canada or shipments of certain grains and oilseeds to Canada for storage prior to exportation to a third country. These shipments are reported on and compiled from SED's. Department of Defense Military Assistance Program Grant-Aid shipments being transported as Department of Defense cargo are reported directly to the U.S. Census Bureau by the Department of Defense. ImportsPublished information on U.S. imports of merchandise is compiled primarily from automated data submitted through the U.S. Customs' Automated Commercial System. Data are compiled also from import entry summary forms, warehouse withdrawal forms and Foreign Trade Zone documents as required by law to be filed with the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Data on imports of electricity and natural gas from Canada are obtained from Canadian sources. Return to table of contents3. COVERAGEGeneralThe official U.S. import and export statistics reflect both government and nongovernment shipments of merchandise between foreign countries and the U.S. Customs Territory (the 50 States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico), U.S. Foreign Trade Zones, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, without regard to whether or not a commercial transaction is involved. In general, the statistics record the physical movement of merchandise between the United States and foreign countries. The statistics used to compile the merchandise trade balance exclude the following types of transactions: United States trade with U.S. possessions, trade between U.S. possessions, and trade between U.S. possessions and foreign countries (except Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Merchandise shipped in transit through the United States from one foreign country to another. Shipments to the U.S. Armed Forces, including post exchanges, for their own use, as well as U.S. merchandise returned by the U.S. Armed Forces for their own use. Monetary gold and silver. Issued monetary coins (in current circulation) of all component metals. Bunker fuels and other supplies and equipment for use on departing vessels, planes, or other carriers engaged in foreign trade. Shipments of furniture, equipment and supplies to U.S. government agencies as well as such merchandise when returned to the United States. Imports of articles repaired under warranty. Some other transactions not considered to be of statistical importance, such as shipments of personal and household effects of travelers and certain temporary exports and imports. ExportsExports measure the total physical movement of merchandise out of the United States to foreign countries whether such merchandise is exported from within the U.S. Customs territory or from a U.S. Customs bonded warehouse or a U.S. Foreign Trade Zone. The following are examples of some types of shipments which are included in the statistics but are of such a nature that their inclusion merits separate mention: Department of Defense Military Assistance Program Grant-Aid shipments under the Foreign Assistance Act. Foreign military sales. Shipments of commodities for economic assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act. (Totals for exports under this program are published quarterly or as they become available.) Shipments of agricultural commodities under P.L. 480 (Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954) as amended, and related laws. (Totals for exports under this program are published as the data become available from the Department of Agriculture. Additional information may be obtained from the Economic Research Service of the Department of Agriculture.) Sales of U.S. vessels to purchasers in foreign countries. Satellites launched by U.S. space vehicles limited to: (1) foreign origin, and/or; (2) launched on behalf of international organizations. Domestic ExportsExports of domestic merchandise include commodities which are grown, produced or manufactured in the United States, and commodities of foreign origin which have been changed in the United States, including U.S. Foreign Trade Zones, from the form in which they were imported, or which have been enhanced in value by further manufacture in the United States. Foreign Exports (Re-exports)Exports of foreign merchandise (re-exports), consist of commodities of foreign origin which have entered the United States for consumption or into Customs bonded warehouses or U.S. Foreign Trade Zones, and which, at the time of exportation, are in substantially the same condition as when imported. ImportsImports of merchandise include commodities of foreign origin as well as goods of domestic origin returned to the United States with no change in condition or after having been processed and/or assembled in other countries. (See discussion of American Goods Returned After Processing And/Or Assembly below). For statistical purposes, imports are classified by the type of transaction. Merchandise entered for immediate consumption. ("duty free" merchandise and merchandise on which duty is paid on arrival) Merchandise withdrawn for consumption from Customs bonded warehouses, and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones. Merchandise entered into Customs bonded warehouses and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones from foreign countries. Bonded WarehousesBonded warehouses are authorized by U.S. Customs for storage or manufacturing of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods are removed into Customs Territory. These goods are not subject to duties if reshipped to foreign points. Foreign Trade ZonesForeign Trade Zones are enclosed areas, operated as public utilities, under control of U.S. Customs with facilities for handling, storing, manipulating, manufacturing, and exhibiting goods. The merchandise may be exported, destroyed, or sent into Customs territory from the zone, in the original package or otherwise. It is subject to Customs duties if sent into Customs territory, but not if reshipped to foreign points. American Goods Returned After Processing and/or AssemblyDomestically produced goods are shipped from the United States to other countries for processing and/or assembly and then returned to this country. Imports containing U.S. content which qualify for special duty-free treatment on the U.S. portion fall into the following groups: Articles of metal manufactured in the United States, which were exported for further processing abroad and returned to the United States for more processing. Textile articles assembled abroad and entered under a Special Access Program or Special Regime. Articles assembled abroad from components produced in the United States, except textile articles entered under a Special Access Program or Special Regime. Separate statistics are available on American goods returned after processing and/or assembly abroad. General Imports"General Imports" measure the total physical arrivals of merchandise from foreign countries, whether such merchandise enters consumption channels immediately or is entered into bonded warehouses or Foreign Trade Zones under Customs custody. Imports for Consumption"Imports for Consumption" measure the total of merchandise that has physically cleared through Customs either entering consumption channels immediately or entering after withdrawal for consumption from bonded warehouses under Customs custody or from Foreign Trade Zones. Many countries use the term "special imports" to designate statistics compiled on this basis. Return to table of contents4. STATISTICAL MONTHThe month of importation is the month in which the U.S. Customs and Border Protection releases the merchandise to the importer. The month of exportation is based on the date when the merchandise leaves the United States. (For vessel or air shipments, it is the date when the carrier departs or is cleared from the port of export.) Return to table of contents5. MERCHANDISE TRADE BALANCEThe merchandise trade balance represents the difference between U.S. exports based on F.A.S. values and U.S. general imports based on Customs values. (See discussion of Valuation below.) This balance corresponds to a measurement of the international payments or credit flows resulting from the physical movement of goods between the U.S. and foreign countries. Monthly balances are based on seasonally adjusted data. Return to table of contents6. SEASONAL ADJUSTMENTThe Census Bureau is seasonally adjusting the merchandise trade data at the most detailed end-use level possible. These detailed data are then summed to the 1-digit level for release with the monthly merchandise trade totals. The seasonally adjusted data are also provided to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) for use in compiling the quarterly National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAS). The BEA supplements these data in the NIPAs with quarterly adjustments for six of the end-use categories which exhibit seasonality on a quarterly basis but not on a monthly basis. The 1-digit level end-use categories provide data for the following broad aggregates: (1) Foods, feeds, and beverages ; (2) Industrial supplies and materials; (3) Capital goods, except automotives; (4) Automotive vehicles, parts and engines; (5) Consumer goods (nonfood), except auto; and (6) Other merchandise. This seasonal adjustment procedure is designed to reflect seasonal patterns at the most detailed commodity levels. The adjustment is made at that end-use commodity level for which significant stable seasonality is identified. The use of the end-use commodity classification system for seasonal adjustment ensures methodological consistency with the quarterly adjusted balance of trade data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and reflects the BEA coding descriptions which combine data into broad categories based upon principal uses of the commodities. The Summary of U.S. Export and Import Merchandise Trade (FT 900) for each month includes revisions for carryover to the prior month's aggregate unadjusted and seasonally adjusted (current and constant dollar) export, import and trade balance figures as well as to the end-use totals. These revisions do not appear in other foreign trade reports. Tables of the seasonal factors are available free of charge from the Foreign Trade Division (FTD). Additionally, interested data users may contact the FTD for more detailed information about the seasonal adjustment program.. Historical data as well as the detailed unadjusted and adjusted data are available on a cost basis on either hard copy or diskette. Return to table of contents7. CONSTANT DOLLAR ADJUSTMENTThe U.S. Census Bureau began publishing seasonally adjusted constant dollar merchandise trade data in January 1990. The constant dollar series was created to meet the requirements of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. Census replaced its fixed-weighted constant dollar series with a chained-dollar series with the release of the April 2003 issue of the U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services (FT-900), on June 13, 2003. We adopted this methodology to improve the quality of the constant dollar series and for consistency with other official government statistics released by the Department of Commerce. Users are reminded, however, that the Census constant dollar series will not match BEA’s constant dollar series because of the underlying coverage differences between the current dollar NIPA and Census data. A technical paper is available to explain more about the new series and the differences between the real dollar data produced by the two methodologies. Look on the Foreign Trade Division’s Web site at www.census.gov/foreign-trade/aip/priceadj.html or contact the Special Projects Branch of the Foreign Trade Division on (301)763-3251. Return to table of contents8. VALUATIONCustoms Import ValueThe Customs value is the value of imports as appraised by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection in accordance with the legal requirements of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended. This value is generally defined as the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States. The term "price actually paid or payable" means the total payment (whether direct or indirect, and exclusive of any costs, charges, or expenses incurred for transportation, insurance, and related services incident to the international shipment of the merchandise from the country of exportation to the place of importation in the United States) made, or to be made, for imported merchandise by the buyer to, or for the benefit, of the seller. In the case of transactions between related parties, the relationship between buyer and seller should not influence the Customs value. In those instances where assistance was furnished to a foreign manufacturer for use in producing an article which is imported into the United States, the value of the assistance is required to be included in the value reported for the merchandise. Such "assists" include both tangible and intangible assistance, such as machinery, tools, dies and molds, blue prints, copyrights, research and development, and engineering and consulting services. If the value of these "assists" is identified and separately reported, it is subtracted from the value during statistical processing. However, where it is not possible to isolate the value of "assists", they are included. In these cases the unit values may be increased due to the inclusion of such "assists". Import ChargesThe import charges represent the aggregate cost of all freight, insurance, and other charges (excluding U.S. import duties) incurred in bringing the merchandise from alongside the carrier at the port of exportation in the country of exportation and placing it alongside the carrier at the first port of entry in the United States. In the case of overland shipments originating in Canada or Mexico, such costs include freight, insurance, and all other charges, costs and expenses incurred in bringing the merchandise from the point of origin (where the merchandise begins its journey to the United States) in Canada or Mexico to the first port of entry. C.I.F. Import ValueThe C.I.F. (cost, insurance, and freight) value represents the landed value of the merchandise at the first port of arrival in the United States. It is computed by adding "Import Charges" to the "Customs Value" (see definitions above) and therefore excludes U.S. import duties. Dutiable Value of Imports and Calculated DutyThe "dutiable value" represents, in general, the Customs value of foreign merchandise imported into the United States which is subject to duty. The "Calculated duty" represents the estimated import duties collected. Estimated duties are calculated based on the applicable rate(s) of duty as shown in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes. See Section 6 (Reference Aids) of this Guide for a list of rate provision codes which indicate the free or dutiable status of merchandise imported into the United States. F.A.S. Export Value (Excluding Exports to Canada)The F.A.S. (free alongside ship) value is the value of exports at the U.S. seaport, airport, or border port of export, based on the transaction price, including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the U.S. port of exportation. The value, as defined, excludes the cost of loading the merchandise aboard the exporting carrier and also excludes freight, insurance, and any charges or transportation costs beyond the port of exportation. U.S. Exports to CanadaThe use of Canada's import data to produce U.S. export data requires some adjustments to make the two comparable. U.S. exports are valued at the U.S. seaport, airport, or border port of export in the U.S. and include inland freight charges. Canadian imports are valued at the point of origin in the U.S. and do not include inland freight to the U.S. port of exit. To compensate, Canada adds an estimated 4.5 percent of the value to each transaction to cover inland freight (except for shipments where freight is not a consideration, e.g., large aircraft, vessels and drilling platforms.) Average monthly exchange rates as quoted by the Federal Reserve Board are applied to adjust the Canadian import data to U.S. dollars. A formula for converting U.S. total exports to corresponding Canadian imports is provided in the initial release of the statistics (FT 900) along with the monthly conversion rate. Balance of Payments (BOP) BasisGoods on a Census basis are adjusted by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis to goods on a BOP basis to bring the data in line with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national accounts. Broadly, the adjustments include changes in ownership that occur without goods passing into or out of the customs territory of the United States. These adjustments are necessary to supplement coverage of the Census basis data, to eliminate duplication of transactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts, and to value transactions according to a standard definition. The export adjustments include:
Some smaller adjustments are also made to exports: Deductions for repairs of goods, developed motion picture film, and military grant-aid. Additions for sales of fish in U.S. territorial waters, exports of electricity to Mexico, and vessels and oil rigs that change ownership for which no export document is filed. The import adjustments include:
Some smaller adjustments are also made to imports: Deductions for repairs of goods, and developed motion picture film. Additions for imported electricity from Mexico, conversion of vessels for commercial use, repairs to U.S. vessels abroad, and valuation of prepackaged software imports at market value. ServicesThe U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis collects and compiles U.S. services import and export statistics. The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis combined goods and services into one report and began publishing a joint monthly press release, titled U.S. International Trade In Goods and Services report (FT900), in January 1994. The services statistics are estimates of services transactions between foreign countries and the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. Transactions with U.S. military, diplomatic, and consular installations abroad are excluded because they are considered to be part of the U.S. economy. Services are shown in seven broad categories. Types of services for imports and exports are the same for six of the seven categories. For the seventh, exports is "Transfers Under U.S. Military Sales Contracts" while for imports the category is "Direct Defense Expenditures." The following is a brief description of the types of services included in each category:
Services estimates are based on quarterly, annual, and benchmark surveys and partial information generated from monthly reports. Service transactions are estimated at market prices. Estimates are seasonally adjusted when statistically significant seasonal patterns are present. No country or area detail is available due to the lack of adequate source data upon which to base estimates. The revision policy is as follows: Each month, a preliminary estimate for the current month and a revised estimate for the immediately preceding month are released. After a revised month is released, no further changes are made to that month until more complete source data become available. Return to table of contents9. COMMODITY CLASSIFICATIONSSchedule BThe export statistics are initially collected and compiled in terms of approximately 8,000 commodity classifications in Schedule B, Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Schedule B is a U.S. Census Bureau publication and is based on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System). Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting PurposesThe import statistics are initially collected and compiled in terms of approximately 14,000 commodity classifications in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA), an official publication of the U.S. International Trade Commission. The HTSUSA is the U.S. import version of the Harmonized System. The United States and Canada both compile their merchandise trade statistics in terms of the Harmonized System; however, they have different annotations beyond the basic 6-digit codes. Approximately 80 percent of the U.S. Schedule B export classifications are directly comparable to Canadian import classifications. These classifications account for 85-90 percent of the total value of U.S. exports to Canada. Many of the remaining 20 percent of the Schedule B classifications represent little or no trade with Canada. In these cases, the Canada import code is recoded to a single Schedule B, usually the class with the most trade or the residual classification for the root 6-digit Harmonized System code. There are some instances where the U.S. and Canadian Customs agencies do not agree on the 6-digit Harmonized System code under which a particular commodity or group of commodities should be classified. In these cases each statistical agency may classify under the 6-digit code designated by its national Customs agency. Efforts by the U.S. and Canadian Customs agencies to align detail statistical classifications will continue over the next several years. In some reports the HTSUSA and Schedule B classifications are rearranged and summarized into other classification systems as indicated below: Standard International Trade Classification (SITC-United Nations Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 34/Rev.3).The SITC is a statistical classification of the commodities entering external trade designed to provide the commodity aggregates needed for purposes of economic analysis and to facilitate the international comparison of trade-by-commodity data. The Harmonized System and SITC Revision 3 are interrelated. The rearrangement of import and export data reported in terms of the Harmonized System into the SITC allows for an additional means of comparison between the U.S. and its trading partners in terms of commodity classification and trade statistics. Certain foreign trade reports present HTS and Schedule B classifications summarized into approximately 3,000 5-digit SITC codes. Within the SITC framework, "Manufactured Goods" includes all products classified in groups 5 through 9. Manufactured goods conform to the SITC sections that include chemicals and related products, n.s.p.f.; manufactured goods classified chiefly by material; machinery and transport equipment; miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.s.p.f.; and commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) has replaced the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The NAICS provides a consistent system for economic analysis across the three North American Free Trade Agreement partners – Canada, Mexico and the United States. NAICS is built on a production-oriented or supply-based conceptual framework in that establishments are grouped into industries according to similarity in the processes used to produce goods or services. A production-oriented industry classifications system ensures that statistical agencies in the three countries can produce information on inputs and outputs, industrial performance, productivity, unit labor costs, employment, and other statistics and structural changes occurring in each of the three economies. The structure of NAICS is hierarchical. NAICS uses a six-digit coding system to identify particular industries and their placement in this hierarchical structure of the classification system. The first two digits of the code designate the sector that represent general categories of economic activities, the third designates the sub-sector, the fourth digit designates the industry group, the fifth digit designates the NAICS industry, and the sixth digit designates the national industry. An industry is a grouping of economic activities. Though it inevitably groups the products of the economic activities that are included in the industry definition, it is not solely a grouping of products. There are 20 sectors in NAICS. New industries are identified and added periodically which reflects the enormous changes in technology and in the growth and diversification of services that have marked recent decades. A key feature of NAICS is the Information sector. A few of the new and important industries created in this section include: Internet service providers and Web search portals, and Internet publishing and broadcasting. Also included in the Information sector is electronic shopping and electronic auctions. End Use Commodity CategoryThe HTSUSA and Schedule B classifications are summarized into six principal "end-use" categories and further subdivided into about 140 broad commodity groupings. These categories are used in developing seasonally adjusted and constant dollar totals. The concept of end-use demand was developed for balance of payments purposes by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. (See discussion of Seasonal Adjustment). Agricultural and Nonagricultural CommoditiesAgricultural commodities consist of nonmarine food products, natural fibers, unmanufactured tobacco, and other farm products subject to federal legislation such as Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Some processed agricultural commodities are included if the value added by manufacturing accounts for less than 50 percent of the final value of shipments as reported in the latest Census of Manufactures. Examples of processed agricultural commodities include cereal flours, dairy products, canned meats, canned fruits and vegetables, vegetable oils, animal hides, fur pelts, wine, and beer. Textiles, leather products, distilled beverages, forestry, and fishery products are classified as nonagricultural commodities. Assignments of individual HTSUSA and Schedule B classifications generally are determined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and differ from the guidelines in the Standard Industrial Classification of the United States (SIC). Advanced Technology Products (ATP)About 500 of some 22,000 commodity classification codes used in reporting U.S. merchandise trade are identified as “advanced technology” codes and they meet the following criteria: The code contains products whose technology is from a recognized high technology field (e.g.), biotechnology). These products represent leading edge technology in that field. Such products constitute a significant part of all items covered in the selected classification code. This product and commodity-based measure of advanced technology differs from broader NAICS industry-based measures which include all goods produced by a particular industry group, regardless of the level of technology embodied in the goods Return to table of contents10. COUNTRY DESIGNATIONSCountry ClassificationThe names and codes of the countries of the world are listed in Schedule C, Classification of Country and Territory Designations for U.S. Foreign Trade Statistics, the system used for publishing both import and export country statistics. Schedule C is arranged in geographic order according to continents. Countries and territories are listed in sequence within each continent, generally from north to south and west to east. The classifications appearing in Schedule C conform to those prescribed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and are recommended by ISO for international exchange. Schedule C is published as a statistical annex in HTSUSA and as a part of Schedule B. Export Country of DestinationCountry of destination for exports is the country where the goods are to be consumed, further processed, or manufactured, as known to the shipper at the time of exportation. If the shipper does not know the country of ultimate destination, the shipment is credited to the last country to which the shipper knows that the merchandise will be shipped in the same form as when exported. (See discussion of the designation for Unidentified Countries under Statistical Presentation below.) Import Country of OriginCountry of origin for imports is the country where the merchandise was grown, mined, or manufactured, in accordance with U.S. Customs Regulations. In instances where the country of origin cannot be determined, transactions are credited to the country of shipment. Certain foreign trade reports show country subcodes to indicate special tariff treatment afforded some imported articles. See Section 6 (Reference Aids) of this Guide for a list of country subcodes. Statistical Presentation<Abbreviated country designations are used in lieu of complete country names in the foreign trade program. Numerical codes are used for automated purposes. Alphabetic abbreviations are used for published reports. The designation UNIDENT (Unidentified Countries) in the export statistics, reflects shipments of certain grains and oilseeds for storage in Canada but ultimately destined for third countries, the specific country of ultimate destination being unknown at the time of shipment. This is not a part of the U.S./Canada Data Exchange. Annually, by Special Announcement, based on information supplied by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, specific country of destination information on exports of such grains and oilseeds is published. This designation also includes satellites launched in the United States on behalf of international organizations. The designation OTH CTY used in some reports represents the total for countries from or to which imports or exports of the particular commodity averaged less than a $50,000 per month on a cumulative year-to-date basis. The major world areas for which foreign trade data are shown represent individual Schedule C countries or groupings of several countries into geographic areas or economic unions. (See Section 5 on Country Groupings.) Return to table of contents11. QUANTITY AND SHIPPING WEIGHTQuantityUnits of quantity shown are published in terms of the units specified in the HTSUSA and Schedule B for each classification. When two units of quantity are required for an item in the HTSUSA or Schedule B, both units are shown along with the value. Shipping WeightShipping weight represents the gross weight in kilograms of shipments, including the weight of moisture content, wrappings, crates, boxes, and containers (other than cargo vans and similar substantial outer containers). Shipping weight information is available for shipments by vessel and air only. Return to table of contents12. CUSTOMS DISTRICTSDistrict and Port ClassificationThe names and codes of the Customs districts and ports are listed in Schedule D, Classification of U.S. Customs Districts and Ports for Foreign Trade Statistics. The geographical limits of each district are published in the U.S. Customs Regulations. Schedule D is published as a statistical annex in HTSUSA and as a part of Schedule B. District of ExportationVessel or air - the Customs district in which the merchandise is loaded on the vessel or aircraft which takes the merchandise out of the country. Rail, truck, pipeline, or other overland transportation - the Customs district through which the merchandise crosses the U.S. border into foreign territory. Aircraft exported under their own power are credited to the Customs district from which they are flown out of the United States. Import District of EntryThe district in which merchandise clears Customs for entry into consumption channels, bonded warehouses or Foreign Trade Zones. Import District of UnladingThe district where merchandise is unloaded from the importing vessel or aircraft. Statistical PresentationAbbreviated Customs district designations are used instead of complete names in the foreign trade program. Numerical codes are used for automated purposes. Alphabetic abbreviations are used for published reports. Special DistrictsThe following types of shipments are included for statistical purposes in special Customs districts and are not reported by geographical location of the individual Customs district of entry or exportation: Vessels under their own power or afloat (imports and exports) Low-valued imports and exports (See discussion of Low-Valued Statistics below) Mail shipments (exports only) Norfolk, VA-Charleston, SC-Mobile, AL (Exports of bituminous coal). See discussion of Customs Districts under Other Quality Issues. Wilmington, NC-Savannah, GA (Exports of cotton linter pulp). See discussion of Customs Districts under Other Quality Issues. Return to table of contents13. STATE EXPORT DATA SERIESBackgroundThe Census Bureau is responsible for collecting, compiling, and publishing export trade statistics for the United States. The paper Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) or its electronic equivalent is filed by qualified exporters, forwarders, or carriers through the Automated Export System (AES). These data measure the physical movement of merchandise out of the United States to foreign countries. Information on the state from which the merchandise was shipped has been collected and made available since the 1980s. Origin of Movement (OM) State - Based on Origin StateIn 1985, a new field indicating the state where the export journey begins, was added. This field allowed the compilation of the State of Origin of Movement Series. The OM series based on origin state, available since 1987, provides export statistics based on the state from which the merchandise starts its journey to the port of export; that is, the data reflect the transportation origin of exports. Origin of Movement (OM) - ZIP Code BasedThe ZIP Code of the United States Principal Party in Interest (USPPI), the party in the United States that receives the primary benefit monetary or otherwise from the shipment, was redefined in 2004 to indicate the origin of movement of goods. It does not necessarily represent the location of the USPPI. Due to increased electronic reporting in the AES, the validity of the reported ZIP Code has improved since 2004. Effective with January 2006 statistics, a new OM State series - based on ZIP code, will be made available upon request for the following state data products - the FT900 Press Release Supplement, and all three options of the Quarterly and Annual reports. LimitationsIn certain cases, the origin of movement is not the transportation origin. Whenever shipments are consolidated, the state of origin of movement will reflect the consolidate point. This effect is particularly noticeable for agricultural shipments. Intermediaries located in inland states ship agricultural commodities down the Mississippi River for export from the port of New Orleans. In this case, they would report Louisiana, the state where the port of New Orleans is located, as the state of origin of movement. The primary impact is on the state distribution of nonmanufactured exports, which are generally exported by intermediaries. The most visible result is a tendency to understate exports from some agricultural states and to overstate exports from states like Louisiana that have ports that handle high-value shipments of farm products. The series DOES NOT represent the production origin of U.S. export merchandise. In some cases considerable manufactured exports are attributed to states that are known to have little manufacturing capability. One reason is that commodities produced by out-of-state suppliers can be shipped from in-state distribution centers. Another factor is shipments of manufactured commodities from in-state warehouses and other distribution centers that are arranged by exporters located out-of-state. In both cases, manufactured exports from the non-industrial state are magnified in the OM series. Where to Get State and Substate Export Data ProductsEach month, the Census Bureau publishes state value totals by manufactured, nonmanufactured and total exports for the OM state data series based on Origin State in the FT900 Press Release Supplement exhibit 2. More detailed data are available quarterly and annually in machine- readable form by state, region or port. A list of the data products and contacts is given below: · Monthly Summary -- FT900 Press Release Supplement. Trade Data Inquiries & Controls Section: 301-763-2227 · State export data by 2-, 4-, and 6-Digit HS by country of destination and method of transportation is available in the WORLD TRADE ATLAS * U.S. State Export Edition. For software information or to place an order, call Global Trade Information Services (803)765-1860 or check their website at http://www.gtis.com. · Quarterly and Annual OM state data on CDROM. Please call our Current Systems Programming Branch on (301)763-2214. · Option 1: State by 3-Digit NAICS Commodity by Country (Total, Air and Vessel). · Option 2: Region by 4-Digit SITC, District/Port of Exit, & Country (Total, Air & Vessel). · Option 3: State by District/Port of Exit, & Country (Total, Air & Vessel)- No Commodity Detail. · Production Origin Series. Exports by production origin are available from Exports from Manufacturing Establishments compiled by the Manufacturing and Construction Division (MCD). The 2002 edition, available on MCD's web site (http://www.census.gov/mcd), gives exports by state, NAICS (North American International Classification System) and major economic sector. INQUIRIES:Direct inquiries to the Special Projects Branch, Foreign Trade Division: 301-763-3629.
Return to table of contents14. LOW-VALUED STATISTICSExportsExport statistics are fully compiled on shipments to all countries, except Canada, where the value of commodities classified under each individual Schedule B number is over $2,500. Value data for such commodities valued under $2,501 are estimated for individual countries using factors based on historical ratios of low-valued shipments to individual country totals. All low-value estimates are classified using a single commodity code. As a result of the data exchange between the United States and Canada, low-valued exports to Canada do not need to be estimated. The U.S. Census Bureau receives low-valued data from Canada summarized by commodity code. ImportsImport statistics are fully compiled on shipments valued over $2,000 (or $250 for certain quota items) for any article that must be reported on a formal entry. Value data for shipments valued under $2,001, and not required to be reported on formal entries, are estimated for individual countries using factors based on historical ratios of low-valued shipments to individual country totals. The estimates for low-valued shipments are classified using a single commodity code. They are omitted from statistics for individual commodity classifications. Return to table of contents15. TRANSPORTATION STATISTICSMethod of TransportationThe transportation statistics are presented in terms of three categories - vessel, air and all methods - based on the method of transportation by which the merchandise arrived in or departed from the United States. In some instances, shipments between the United States and countries abroad enter or depart through Canada or Mexico. Such shipments are recorded under the method of transportation by which they enter or depart the United States regardless of the transportation mode between Canada or Mexico and the country of origin or destination. There are some differences in the coverage of these statistics, primarily as follows: The data for "all methods of transportation" include exports and general imports by vessel, air, truck, rail, air mail, parcel post, and other methods of transportation. The data for vessel and air exports and general imports represent waterborne and airborne shipments only (merchandise actually leaving or arriving in the United States aboard a vessel or an aircraft). Imports and exports of (a) vessels moving under their own power or afloat and (b) aircraft flown into or out of the United States are included in the "all methods" data but excluded from the vessel and air statistics. Mail and parcel post shipments (including those transported by vessel or air) are included in the "all methods" data but excluded from the vessel and air statistics. Low-value shipments are included in the "all methods" data but excluded from the vessel and air statistics. Intransit ShipmentsShipments of merchandise transported in bond through the United States en route from one foreign country to another without having been entered as an import are called in-transit shipments. The in-transit statistics include only inbound or outbound merchandise moving by vessel. Vessel entrances and clearances by Customs district are published monthly. Return to table of contents16. U.S. TRADE WITH PUERTO RICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONSSource of InformationStatistics on shipments from the United States to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and on shipments from Puerto Rico to the United States, are compiled from information furnished on Shipper's Export Declarations, which are required to be filed with Customs officials, and shipments by qualified exporters who have been authorized to submit data by automated means directly to the U.S. Census Bureau. Statistics on shipments from the U.S. Virgin Islands and other U.S. possessions to the United States are compiled from automated data submitted through the Customs Automated Commercial System and from import documents filed with Customs officials. Data on shipments from the U.S. to other U.S. possessions as well as between the possessions are not compiled. CoverageStatistics are separately published covering shipments 1) between the United States and Puerto Rico, 2) between the United States (including Puerto Rico) and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 3) from other U.S. possessions to the United States. U.S. possessions refers to those listed in Schedule C, Classification of Country and Territory Designations for U.S. Foreign Trade Statistics. Previous discussions and definitions relating to the export statistics should be applied to statistics on shipments from the United States to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and on shipments from Puerto Rico to the United States. Similarly, previous discussions and definitions relating to the import statistics should be applied to statistics on shipments from the U.S. Virgin Islands and other U.S. possessions to the United States. Trade with Foreign CountriesPuerto Rico is a Customs district within the U.S. Customs territory, and its trade with foreign countries is included in the U.S. export and import statistics. The U.S. export and import statistics include merchandise trade between the U.S. Virgin Islands and foreign countries even though the Virgin Islands of the United States are not officially a part of the U.S. Customs territory. Data on trade of other U.S. outlying possessions with foreign countries is not compiled by the the United States. Return to table of contents17. SOURCES OF NONSAMPLING ERRORImport and export data are a complete enumeration of documents collected by U.S. Customs and Border Protection and are not subject to sampling errors. However, while quality assurance procedures are performed at every stage of collection, processing, and tabulation, the data are still subject to several types of nonsampling errors. The most significant of these include reporting errors, undocumented shipments, timeliness, data capture errors, transiting goods, and underestimation of low-valued transactions. For more information on nonsampling errors, including efforts to mitigate their effects, please refer to the U.S. Merchandise Trade Statistics Quality Profile. Reporting ErrorsReporting errors are mistakes or omissions made by importers, exporters, or their agents when reporting import or export shipments. Most reporting errors involve missing or invalid commodity classification codes, missing or incorrect quantities or shipping weights, and missing, multiple, or incorrect state of origin designations. Such errors can significantly impact detailed commodity statistics if not corrected or corrected inaccurately, but have a negligible effect on export, import and balance of trade statistics. In addition, errors may result from the correction of misreported data. The data are subjected to several types of error detection and correction checks, including on-line validations for data reported electronically through the Automated Export System (AES) or the Automated Broker Interface (ABI). Such validations immediately refer errors back to the filer for correction. However, data from all sources are also edited and corrected through clerical and electronic means. Clerical correction is time consuming, expensive, and can often prevent data from being included in the correct statistical month. Electronic corrections, or imputes, are less expensive, but may introduce some error into the statistics. Undocumented ShipmentsFederal regulations require importers, exporters, or their agents, to submit import and export information for all merchandise shipments above the established exemption levels. Exemption levels are $2,000 for imports (or $250 for certain quota items), and $2,500 for exports to countries other than Canada. The U.S. Census Bureau has determined that not all required documents are filed, particularly for exports, as import information is subject to greater scrutiny by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in relation to the administration of tariffs, quotas, and other enforcement activities. Goods withdrawn from Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs) for exportation, and exports of U.S. goods through Canadian ports en route to other destinations are two examples of commonly unreported shipments that can lead to errors in export statistics. Undocumented foreign merchandise entering FTZs, which should be included in import trade statistics under general imports, is an example of undocumented import data that can contribute to the problem of import undercoverage. Timeliness“Carryover” is the term used to identify the import and/or export records that were either not received or not processed in time to be included in the current month’s statistics. Such records may be carried over into a subsequent month’s statistics, and are often the result of late filing or processing problems, such as rejection of a shipment because the data failed to meet certain edit criteria established to protect the accuracy of the statistics. Data Capture ErrorsThe U.S. Census Bureau captures import and export information either from paper documents that are keyed manually, or from automated collection programs, such as AES, ABI, and the U.S.-Canada Data Exchange. Lost documents, errors in the on-line validations and edits of electronically reported data, and incorrectly keyed, coded or recorded documents are examples of data capture errors than can impact the statistics. Transiting GoodsShipments of goods moving through the United States en route from one country to another, where the United States is not the country of ultimate destination, can create coverage problems that affect trade statistics. When such goods, referred to as transiting goods, are shipped under bond, they are not subject to duties and are excluded from the merchandise trade statistics in accordance with the guidelines for international merchandise trade statistics established by the United Nations. Many companies, however, enter transiting goods into the United States using an import entry summary and file an export declaration when the goods leave the United States. While this practice does not affect the total trade balance, it does affect bilateral trade balances, and creates discrepancies between U.S. statistics and those of other countries. This issue is especially problematic for bilateral trade between Canada and the United States, where goods transiting through the United States from Canada are entered as U.S. imports from Canada. Underestimation of Low-Valued TransactionsThe United States does not require importers and exporters to file documents for shipments valued less than a specified exemption level (see discussion on Low-Valued Statistics). The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the total value of trade beneath the exemption level for each country using factors based on historical patterns of trade. The data on which these factors are based are old and do not reflect recent changes in trade patterns. Return to table of contents18. OTHER QUALITY ISSUESIn addition to nonsampling errors, import and export transactions may be subject to other factors that can have an impact on the quality of our published data. These other quality issues include estimated calculated duty, inconsistencies in comparisons of commodity data, and the suppression of quantity, shipping weight, or Customs district for disclosure avoidance. This information is provided below. Also, many U.S. Census Bureau merchandise trade publications include statements on quality and reliability specific to each report. For more information beyond what is provided below, please refer to those publications. Estimated Calculated DutyEstimates of calculated duty do not necessarily reflect amounts of duty paid and should, therefore, be used with caution. The inclusion in the figures of some U.S. products returned after processing and assembly abroad, for which a portion of the value is eligible for duty free consideration, may cause these duty figures to be somewhat overstated as a result. In cases where articles are dutiable at various or special rates, a dutiable value is shown but no duty is calculated. Thus, there is an understatement in the estimates of calculated duty to the extent that these situations exist. Comparison of Commodity DataThe omission of a commodity number from certain reports does not necessarily mean that there were no exports or imports of the commodity during the month. It is possible that some shipments may not be classified by commodity. Data users are cautioned that comparison of U.S. exports with corresponding Canadian import data at detailed commodity levels is not recommended. Corrections, differences in classification interpretation and in editing and processing environments make these comparisons uncertain. In addition, the comparison of data on U.S. exports after 1989 with data for prior years at levels other than for total exports and exports by country may show distortion. These distortions may result from the availability of detailed data for undocumented exports to Canada, which were previously estimated only at the total level. Distortions also may result from the changeover to the Harmonized System effective with the January 1989 statistics. When publication of data under a particular commodity classification causes disclosure of an individual firm's transactions on a worldwide basis, it is sometimes necessary to combine several classifications into one. Even though the detail is reported it is published under the combined classification, usually a pseudo classification. Quantity and Shipping Weight SuppressionWhen the statistics disclose a company’s shipments of a particular commodity to or from a specific country, it may be necessary to suppress quantity and/or shipping weight data. Similarly, when disclosure occurs on a worldwide basis, it may be necessary to suppress shipping weight and/or quantity data for shipments of one commodity to or from all countries. DistrictsStatistics for two or more districts may be combined and published under an arbitrary designation or shipping weight may be excluded from an individual district as a solution to disclosure situations. As a result, statistics for individual districts may be understated due to the suppression of weight of the affected commodities. Return to table of contents19. REVISION PROCEDURE FOR MERCHANDISE GOODS TRADE
Return to table of contents20. SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICSSupplementary information and explanations of interest to users of foreign trade statistics (such as notices of changes in statistical procedures, and so forth) are included as special announcements in current issues of the statistical publications. Reports providing additional detail compiled but not published may be obtained on a cost basis. Copies of foreign trade statistics are available for public reference use at various International Trade Administration district offices, Census Regional Offices, and at some U.S. Customs and Border Protection offices. Since the distribution of foreign trade material varies among offices, inquiries regarding the availability of particular types of data should be made to: Trade Data Services Branch Return to table of contents |
Source: FTDWebMaster, Foreign
Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233
Location: MAIN: REFERENCE: GUIDES
Created: 14 July 2004
Last modified: 26 January 2007 at 01:21:59 PM