Three-banded or tri-allelic patterns are sometimes observed at a single locus in a multiplex STR profile. These tables of tri-allelic patterns are for scientists to "compare notes" as well as to see if certain allele combinations are more likely. Tri-allelic patterns generally fall into one of two different groups based on relative peak heights:
Type 1: Sum of heights of two of the peaks is equal to the third
Type 2:
Balanced peak heights
We welcome your contributions in order to more fully catalog the genetic variation observed in these STR loci.
To contribute to these tri-allelic variant reports, click here.
176 total patterns reported as of 08/07/2008
[click on loci listed below for details]
Core STR Loci � CSF1PO (7) � FGA (22) � TH01 (3) � TPOX (15) � VWA (19) � D3S1358 (7) � D5S818 (6) � D7S820 (7) � D8S1179 (11) � D13S317 (8) � D16S539 (7) � D18S51 (23) � D21S11 (19)
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Other Common STR Loci � D2S1338 (3) � D19S433 (2) � Penta D (5) � Penta E (11) � F13A01 � FES/FPS (1) � F13B � LPL � SE33
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Y-STR Loci � DYS19 � DYS389I � DYS389II � DYS390 � DYS391 � DYS392 � DYS393 � DYS385 a/b � DYS438 � DYS439 � DYS437 � DYS448 � DYS456 � DYS458 � DYS635/GATA-C4 � Y-GATA-H4
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Information on Variant STR Alleles Sequenced at NIST
Some useful references with more information on tri-allelic patterns include:
Crouse et al. (1999) Analysis and interpretation of short tandem repeat microvariants and three banded allele patterns using multiple allele detection systems [published erratum appears in J. Forensic Sci. 1999 May;44(3)]. J. Forensic Sci. 44(1):87-94. They report finding 18 TPOX three-banded patterns, and one CSF1PO three-banded pattern.
Clayton et al. (2004) A genetic basis for anomalous band patterns encountered during DNA STR profiling. J Forensic Sci. 49(6):1207-1214. They introduce the "Type 1" and "Type 2" nomenclature for tri-allelic patterns.
Butler, J.M. (2006) Genetics and genomics of core STR loci used in human identity testing. J. Forensic Sci. 51(2): 253-265.