• walking speed (meters/second)
  
• walking distance (distance walked in 6-minutes)
  

• Lower extremity Fugl-Meyer
  
• Berg Balance Score
  
• Lower extremity torque
  
• Stroke Impact Scale
  
• SF-36
  

Impaired walking ability is a hallmark residual deficit that contributes to post-stroke walking disability . Impairment in lower extremity muscle strength is a significant contributor to decreased walking speed after stroke. No studies have combined task-specific locomotor training in combination with lower extremity strength training programs designed to improve post-stroke walking outcomes.

Participants will include individuals who are ambulatory, but walk slower than 1.0 m/sec and are at least 6 months post unilateral stroke.

Participants are stratified by initial comfortable walking speed (moderate >0.5 m/sec; severe <= 0.5 m/sec) and randomized to one of four exercise pairs: 1) body-weight supported treadmill training (BWST) and locomotor-based strength training (resistive cycling task, LBST), 2) BWST and LE muscle-specific strength training (MSST), 3) BWST and upper extremity ergometry (SHAM), and 4) LBST and SHAM. Training will occur 4 times per week for 6 weeks (24 total sessions). Exercise type in each exercise pair is alternated daily.

Primary outcomes include comfortable and fast overground walking speed, and distance walked in 6-minutes measured at baseline, after 12 and 24 treatment sessions and at a 6-month follow-up.

Inclusion Criteria:

• age 18 years or older
• 4 months to 5 years after first-time onset of a ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) confirmed by CT, MRI, or clinical criteria
• able to ambulate at least 14 meters with assistive and/or orthotic device and one person assist (minimum Functional Ambulation Classification Level II
• self-selected walking velocity of ≤1.0 meters/second
• approval of primary care physician to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

• resting systolic blood pressure greater than 180mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than 110mmHg and/or resting heart rate greater than 100 beats/minute;
• lower limb orthopedic conditions such as prior joint replacement or range of motion limitations;
• spasticity management that included Botox injection (< 4 months earlier) or phenol block injection (< 12 months earlier) to affected lower extremity and intrathecal Baclofen or oral Baclofen (within past 30 days);
• Mini-Mental State Exam score < 24;
• currently receiving lower extremity strengthening exercises or gait training,
• past participation in any study examining the effects of long term (>4 weeks training) body weight support treadmill training; limb loaded pedaling, or lower extremity strengthening;
• plans to move out of the area in the next year,
• no transportation to the study site for all evaluations and intervention sessions.