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PHS Policies on Research Misconduct
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Policies
ORI Policy on Plagiarism
Although there is widespread agreement in the scientific community on
including plagiarism as a major element of the PHS definition of scientific
misconduct, there is some uncertainty about how the definition of plagiarism
itself is applied in ORI cases.
As a general working definition, ORI considers plagiarism to include both the
theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial
unattributed textual copying of another's work. It does not include authorship
or credit disputes.
The theft or misappropriation of intellectual property includes the unauthorized
use of ideas or unique methods obtained by a privileged communication, such as a
grant or manuscript review.
Substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work means the
unattributed verbatim or nearly verbatim copying of sentences and paragraphs
which materially mislead the ordinary reader regarding the contributions of the
author. ORI generally does not pursue the limited use of identical or
nearly-identical phrases which describe a commonly-used methodology or previous
research because ORI does not consider such use as substantially misleading to
the reader or of great significance.
Many allegations of plagiarism involve disputes among former collaborators who
participated jointly in the development or conduct of a research project, but
who subsequently went their separate ways and made independent use of the
jointly developed concepts, methods, descriptive language, or other product of
the joint effort. The ownership of the intellectual property in many such
situations is seldom clear, and the collaborative history among the scientists
often supports a presumption of implied consent to use the products of the
collaboration by any of the former collaborators.
For this reason, ORI considers many such disputes to be authorship or credit
disputes rather than plagiarism. Such disputes are referred to PHS agencies and
extramural institutions for resolution.
From ORI Newsletter, Vol 3, No. 1, December 1994
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