DOE has created a network of seven Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) to help develop the technology, infrastructure, and regulations to implement large-scale CO2 sequestration in different regions and geologic formations within the Nation. Underlying this Regional Partnership approach is the belief that local organizations and citizens will contribute expertise, experience, and perspectives that more accurately represent the concerns and desires of a given region, thereby resulting in the development and application of technologies better suited to that region. Collectively, the seven RCSPs represent regions encompassing 97 percent of coal-fired CO2 emissions, 97 percent of industrial CO2 emissions, 96 percent of the total land mass, and essentially all the geologic sequestration sites in the U.S. potentially available for carbon storage. The seven partnerships include:

• Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (Big Sky)
• Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership (PCOR)
• Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC)
• Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP)
• Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB)
• Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP)
• West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (WESTCARB)

MORE INFO Read Secretary's Nov. 21, 2002, Remarks Announcing the Partnership Initiative

This initiative, launched by DOE in 2003, forms the centerpiece of national efforts to develop the infrastructure and knowledge base needed to place carbon sequestration technologies on the path to commercialization. During the first phase of the program, the Partnerships characterized the potential for CO2 storage in deep oil-, gas-, coal-, and saline-bearing formations. In the program's second phase, the Partnerships implemented a portfolio of small-scale geologic sequestration projects. The purpose of these tests was to validate that different geologic formations have the injectivity, containment, and storage effectiveness needed for long-term sequestration.

In Phase III, the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships are working to implement seven large-scale sequestration projects that will demonstrate the long-term, effective, and safe storage of CO2 in the major geologic formations throughout the United States and portions of Canada. This is a continuation of the 25 small-scale geologic storage tests that the Partnerships are implementing today. The locations of the large scale projects represent the major geologic basins throughout the United States and Canada. The tests will:

• Provide scientific data to validate the capacity estimates to within +30% for deep saline formations, where little data currently exists.
• Assess the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on the performance of the storage operations to contact the pore space and maintain injectivity.

• Validate the reservoir models against field data; implement mitigation strategies to reduce potential hazards; and verify the fate of the injected CO2 using the most advanced monitoring networks applied to date.

• Finally, these projects will demonstrate that the projects are representative of the regional geology to store the next 100 years of CO2 emissions generated from major point sources.

Large-scale field tests that have already been awarded are described in detail below [click on each link for more details about the Partnership]:

• Southwest Regional Partnership for Carbon Sequestration. The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology is working to demonstrate the storage of CO2 into the Jurassic Age sandstone formations which are present throughout the region from Wyoming to Northern New Mexico. These formations have relatively high porosity and permeability and exhibit thicknesses near 200 feet. The project will be injecting over two million tons over four years (up to one million tons per year) from a natural CO2 deposit and monitoring the CO2. The sandstones are overlain by several large deposits of shale. Some of the region has some inactive faults and fracturing throughout the region. The project will be using a variety of monitoring techniques to determine the impact of these features on the injection operations and integrity of the storage reservoirs.
• Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership. The Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) will inject CO2 into the Tuscaloosa Massive Sandstone at two different locations (~200 miles apart) to determine the effect of the heterogeneity of the formation on the injection operations and storage capacity. For the first stage of this test the SSEB is working with an oil and gas operator to inject one million tons of CO2 per year near an existing CO2 enhanced oil recovery field. The project will inject CO2 down dip of the oil field into the saline portion of the reservoir. Extensive monitoring, mitigation and verification (MMV) will be conducted to determine the fate of the CO2 as it moves in the saline formation. The second stage of this test will be coordinated with a major electric utility in the region who will construct a post-combustion CO2 capture plant at an existing coal-fired power plant. The CO2 will be injected below the power plant for up to six years. The project will compare the results between the sites to determine effects of heterogeneity on the operation's capacity, and monitoring requirements at each site.

• Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership. The University of North Dakota's Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) is the largest of the seven regional partnerships and includes portions of Canada in the Partnership. Therefore, the project will implement two large-scale field tests to assess the storage potential available in the region. The EERC is working with the owner of the largest gas production plant in North America to inject 1.8 million tons of CO2 into a deep saline sandstone formation in the Alberta Basin in Northwest British Columbia, Canada. Over 15% of the gas will be hydrogen sulfide. The EERC is working with a major electric utility and oil and gas company in the Williston Basin to capture and inject up to one million tons of CO2 per year into the deep (>10,000ft) carbonate saline formation which is also an oil-bearing reservoir. These tests will demonstrate the availability of storage capacity in the region, the impacts on hydrogen sulfide and other contaminants on storage integrity and operations, and heterogeneity of several different injection locations on the fate of the CO2. The project will also assess the impacts of CO2 on the different reservoirs' seals.

• Midwest (Illinois Basin) Geologic Sequestration Consortium. The Illinois State Geological Survey is working to develop a project in the center of Illinois with the Archer Daniels Midland Corporation. The project will inject one million tons of CO2 over three years into the Mount Simon sandstone formation which covers the entire region. The Mount Simon formation is an ideal storage formation in that it has relatively high permeability, porosity, and thickness (1500ft+). Very little characterization data is available on the Mount Simon formation. The Mount Simon formation is also overlain by several hundred feet of organic shale. The project is located at one of the thickest sections of the formation. The project will inject at the base of the Mount Simon formation to measure the effects of the layers of low and high permeability on the transport of CO2, and its ability to contact more pore space. This project will also demonstrate that the Mount Simon formation will be available as the predominant storage reservoir in the region. The project is working with Schlumberger and LLNL to test the most advanced monitoring technologies, industrial reservoir models, and more recent advancements in geochemical and reservoir models. CO2 from natural gas processing plants or natural vents may inject one million tons or more of CO2 per year, depending upon cost and availability.

• Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) - The MRCSP, led by Battelle Memorial Laboratories, will demonstrate CO2 storage in the Mount Simon sandstone formation.  This geologic formation stretches from Kentucky through Ohio and has the potential to store more than 100 years of CO2 emissions from major point sources in the region. The MRCSP will inject approximately one million tons of CO2 from an ethanol production facility.  In this area of Ohio, the Mount Simon formation is approximately 3,000 feet deep.  The CO2 will be injected on the facility site, and MRCSP will be responsible for development of the infrastructure, operations, closure, and monitoring of the injected CO2.  The MRCSP covers Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and Michigan.

• West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (WESTCARB) - The WESTCARB Partnership, led by the California Energy Commission, will conduct a geologic CO2 storage project in the San Joaquin Basin in Central California.  The project will inject one million tons of CO2 over four years into deep (7,000+ feet) geologic formations below a 50-megawatt, zero-emission power plant in Kimberlina, CA.  The Clean Energy Systems plant uses natural or synthesis gas in an oxyfuel system and produces a relatively pure stream of CO2.  This CO2 will be compressed and injected into one of a number of potential storage formations below the surface of the plant. WESTCARB will develop, operate, and close the injection site as well as monitor the fate of the injected CO2.  The WESTCARB Partnership includes California, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Hawaii, and British Columbia.

The remaining large-scale field test is expected to be awarded over the next several months.

The seven large-scale field tests are required to validate and improve model predictions of scientific behavior of injected carbon dioxide at scale, demonstrate the engineering and scientific processes for successfully implementing and validating long-term safe storage of sequestered carbon, and achieve cost-effective integration with power plant systems for capture, all within their respective regional constraints, be they geologic, economic, or political. The primary goal of the large-scale tests is the development of large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects across North America, where large volumes of CO2 will be injected into a geologic formation representative of relatively large storage capacity for each region. The injection will continue over several years at a scale representative of a typical power plant.