This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-08-557R entitled 'Global Terrorism: Reported Obligations for the Department of Defense' which was released on March 17, 2008. This text file was formatted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to be accessible to users with visual impairments, as part of a longer term project to improve GAO products' accessibility. Every attempt has been made to maintain the structural and data integrity of the original printed product. Accessibility features, such as text descriptions of tables, consecutively numbered footnotes placed at the end of the file, and the text of agency comment letters, are provided but may not exactly duplicate the presentation or format of the printed version. The portable document format (PDF) file is an exact electronic replica of the printed version. We welcome your feedback. Please E-mail your comments regarding the contents or accessibility features of this document to Webmaster@gao.gov. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. Because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. March 17, 2008: Congressional Committees: Subject: Global War on Terrorism: Reported Obligations for the Department of Defense: Since 2001, Congress has provided the Department of Defense (DOD) with hundreds of billions of dollars in supplemental and annual appropriations for military operations in support of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).[Footnote 1] DOD's reported annual obligations[Footnote 2] for GWOT have shown a steady increase from about $0.2 billion in fiscal year 2001 to about $139.8 billion in fiscal year 2007. To continue GWOT operations, the President requested $189.3 billion in appropriations for DOD in fiscal year 2008. Through December 2007, Congress has provided DOD with about $86.8 billion of this request, including $16.8 billion for Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles. As of February 2008, Congress has not taken action on the remaining $102.5 billion. The United States' commitments to GWOT will likely involve the continued investment of significant resources, requiring decision makers to consider difficult trade-offs as the nation faces an increasing long-range fiscal challenge. The magnitude of future costs will depend on several direct and indirect cost variables and, in some cases, decisions that have not yet been made. DOD's future costs will likely be affected by the pace and duration of operations, the types of facilities needed to support troops overseas, redeployment plans, and the amount of equipment to be repaired or replaced.[Footnote 3] DOD compiles and reports monthly and cumulative incremental obligations incurred to support GWOT in a monthly Supplemental and Cost of War Execution Report. DOD leadership uses this report, along with other information, to advise Congress on the costs of the war and to formulate future GWOT budget requests. DOD reports these obligations by appropriation, contingency operation,[Footnote 4] and military service or defense agency. The monthly cost reports are typically compiled within the 45 days after the end of the reporting month in which the obligations are incurred.[Footnote 5] DOD has prepared monthly reports on the obligations incurred for its involvement in GWOT since fiscal year 2001. Section 1221 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006[Footnote 6] requires us to submit quarterly updates to Congress on the costs of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom based on DOD's monthly Supplemental and Cost of War Execution Reports. This report, which responds to this requirement, contains our analysis of DOD's reported obligations for military operations in support of GWOT through December 2007. Specifically, we assessed (1) DOD's cumulative appropriations and reported obligations for military operations in support of GWOT and (2) DOD's fiscal year 2008 reported obligations through December 2007, the latest data available for GWOT by military service and appropriation account. Over the years, we have conducted a series of reviews examining funding and reported obligations for military operations in support of GWOT. Our prior work[Footnote 7] has found the data in DOD's monthly Supplemental and Cost of War Execution Report to be of questionable reliability. Consequently, we are unable to ensure that DOD's reported obligations for GWOT are complete, reliable, and accurate, and they therefore should be considered approximations. Based on this work, we have made a number of recommendations to the Secretary of Defense intended to improve the transparency and reliability of DOD's GWOT obligations. For example we have recommended that DOD (1) revise the cost reporting guidance so that large amounts of reported obligations are not shown in "other" miscellaneous categories and (2) take steps to ensure that reported GWOT obligations are reliable. In response, DOD is taking steps to improve GWOT cost reporting. For example, DOD has modified its guidance to more clearly define some of the cost categories and is taking additional steps to strengthen the oversight and program management of the cost reporting. Specifically, DOD has taken steps to improve transparency by requiring components to analyze variances in reported obligations and to disclose reasons for significant changes, and to affirm that monthly reported GWOT obligations provide a fair representation of ongoing activities. However, we have found that some required explanations were not disclosed and DOD's methodology did not always identify obligations omitted from cost reports, and in some cases, DOD components did not provide required affirmation statements to attest to accuracy.[Footnote 8] DOD is now developing additional procedures to ensure compliance with the variance analysis and affirmation statements policies. Until all DOD efforts are more fully implemented, it is too soon to know the extent to which these changes will improve the reliability of DOD's cost reporting. While establishing sound cost reporting procedures and oversight is clearly important, the reliability of the cost-of-war reports also depends on the quality of DOD's accounting data. Factors contributing to DOD's challenges in reporting reliable cost data include long- standing deficiencies in DOD's financial management systems. We are aware that DOD has efforts under way to improve these systems as well. We have also made recommendations to improve transparency and fiscal responsibility related to funding the war on terrorism, and to permit Congress and the administration to establish priorities and make trade- offs among those priorities in defense funding. Specifically, we recommended that DOD (1) issue guidance defining what constitutes the "longer war against terror," identify what costs are related to that longer war, and build these costs into the base defense budget; (2) identify incremental costs of the ongoing GWOT operations that can be moved into the base budget; and (3) in consultation with the Office of Management and Budget, consider limiting emergency funding requests to truly unforeseen or sudden events.[Footnote 9] We will continue to review DOD's efforts to implement these recommendations as part of our follow-up work on GWOT. Scope and Methodology: To conduct our work, we analyzed applicable annual and supplemental appropriations from fiscal year 2001 through fiscal year 2007 and for fiscal year 2008 through December 2007. We also analyzed DOD's monthly Supplemental and Cost of War Execution Reports from September 2001 through December 2007, the latest data available. Specifically, we identified appropriated amounts intended for GWOT and reported GWOT obligations for each operation, military service, and appropriation account. We are continuing to review DOD's fiscal year 2008 funding and reported obligations, including the reliability of the reported obligations. We are also reviewing the processes, including models and other tools, used to estimate GWOT funding requirements. We plan to report on this work later this year. We conducted this performance audit from February 2008 to March 2008, in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. Summary: From fiscal year 2001 through December 2007, Congress has provided DOD with about $635.9 billion for its efforts in support of GWOT.[Footnote 10] DOD has reported obligations of about $527 billion for military operations in support of the war from fiscal year 2001 through fiscal year 2007 and for fiscal year 2008 through December 2007. The $108.9 billion difference[Footnote 11] between DOD's GWOT appropriations and reported obligations can generally be attributed to certain fiscal year 2008 appropriations and multiyear funding for procurement; military construction; and research, development, test, and evaluation from previous GWOT-related appropriations[Footnote 12] that have yet to be obligated, and obligations for classified and other activities, which are not reported in DOD's cost-of-war reports. As part of our ongoing work, we are reviewing DOD's rationale for reporting its GWOT related obligations. Figure 1 shows the increase in DOD's cumulative reported GWOT obligations and cumulative GWOT appropriations from fiscal year 2001 through fiscal year 2007 and for the first quarter of fiscal year 2008 (October through December 2007). Figure 1: DOD's Cumulative Reported GWOT Obligations and Cumulative GWOT Appropriations for Fiscal Years 2001 through 2007 and for the First Quarter of Fiscal Year 2008 (October through December 2007): This figure is a combination bar and line graph showing DOD's cumulative reported GWOT obligations and cumulative GWOT appropriations for fiscal years 2001 through 2007 and for the first quarter of fiscal year 2008 (October through December 2007). The X axis represents the fiscal years, and the Y axis represents the dollars (in millions). The line represents cumulative GWOT appropriations, and the bar represents cumulative reported GWOT obligations. Fiscal year 2001; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $16.6; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $0.2. Fiscal year 2002; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $31; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $29.4. Fiscal year 2003; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $99.9; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $98. Fiscal year 2004; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $165.8; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $169.2. Fiscal year 2005; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $266.7; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $254. Fiscal year 2006; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $382.7; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $352.5. Fiscal year 2007; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $549.1; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $492.2. Fiscal year 2008; Cumulative GWOT appropriations: $635.9; Cumulative reported GWOT obligations: $527. [See PDF for image] Source: GAO analysis of DOD and appropriations data. Notes: Reported GWOT obligations include Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom, and generally reflect costs reported in DOD's cost-of-war reports. However, the fiscal year 2002 and 2003 figures include about $20.1 billion that according to DOD officials was war related but not reported in DOD's cost-of-war reports. GAO has assessed the reliability of DOD's obligation data and found significant problems, such that these data may not accurately reflect the true dollar value of GWOT obligations. [End of figure] Of DOD's total cumulative reported obligations for GWOT through December 2007 (about $527 billion), about $406.2 billion is for operations in and around Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, and about $92.9 billion is for operations in Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa, the Philippines, and elsewhere as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The remaining about $28 billion is for operations in defense of the homeland as part of Operation Noble Eagle. As figure 2 shows, DOD's reported obligations for Operation Iraqi Freedom have consistently increased each fiscal year since operations began. The increases in reported obligations for Operation Iraqi Freedom are in part because of continued costs for military personnel, such as military pay and allowances for mobilized reservists, and for rising operation and maintenance expenses, such as higher contract costs for housing, food, and services and higher fuel costs. In addition, the need to repair and replace equipment because of the harsh combat and environmental conditions in theater and the ongoing costs associated with the surge strategy announced in January 2007, which provided for the deployment of additional troops, have further increased obligations for Operation Iraqi Freedom. In contrast, DOD's reported obligations for Operation Noble Eagle have consistently decreased since fiscal year 2003, largely because of the completion of repairs to the Pentagon and upgrades in security at military installations that were onetime costs, as well as a reduction in combat air patrols and in the number of reserve personnel guarding government installations. Reported obligations for Operation Enduring Freedom have ranged from $10.3 billion to $20.1 billion each fiscal year. Recent increases in reported obligations for Operation Enduring Freedom are in part caused by higher troop levels in Afghanistan, the costs associated with training Afghan security forces, and the need to repair and replace equipment after several years of ongoing operations. Figure 2: DOD's Reported GWOT Obligations for Fiscal Years 2001 through 2007 by Operation: This figure is a line graph with shading showing DOD's reported GWOT obligations for fiscal years 2001 through 2007 by operation. The X axis represents the reported GWOT obligations per fiscal year, and the Y axis represents dollars (in millions). Operation Noble Eagle: $27.9; Operation Enduring Freedom: 86.2; Operation Iraqi Freedom: 378.1. [See PDF for image] Source: GAO analysis of DOD data. Notes: Operation Iraqi Freedom began in fiscal year 2003; therefore no obligations were reported in fiscal years 2001 and 2002 for this operation. Reported GWOT obligations generally reflect costs reported in DOD's cost-of-war reports. However, the fiscal year 2002 and 2003 figures include about $20.1 billion that according to DOD officials was war related but not reported in DOD's cost-of-war reports. GAO has assessed the reliability of DOD's obligation data and found significant problems, such that these data may not accurately reflect the true dollar value of GWOT obligations. [End of figure] In fiscal year 2008, through December 2007, DOD's total reported obligations of about $34.8 billion are about one quarter of the total amount of obligations it reported for all of fiscal year 2007. Reported obligations for Operation Iraqi Freedom continue to account for the largest portion of total reported GWOT obligations by operation--about $28.1 billion. In contrast, reported obligations associated with Operation Enduring Freedom total about $6.6 billion, and reported obligations associated with Operation Noble Eagle total about $49.6 million. The Army accounts for the largest portion of reported obligations for fiscal year 2008 through December 2007--about $27.2 billion, nearly 11 times higher than the almost $2.5 billion in obligations reported for the Air Force, the military service with the next greatest reported amount. Among appropriation accounts, operation and maintenance, which includes items such as support for housing, food, and services; the repair of equipment; and transportation to move people, supplies, and equipment, accounts for the largest reported obligations--about $16.1 billion. Reported obligations for procurement account for about 27 percent of reported obligations, or about $9.4 billion. Of the $43.6 billion provided to DOD for procurement in fiscal year 2007, approximately 21 percent, or $9.1 billion, has yet to be obligated and remains available in fiscal year 2008. Figure 3 shows DOD's reported obligations for fiscal year 2008 through December 2007 by DOD component and appropriation account. Figure 3: DOD's Reported GWOT Obligations for Fiscal Year 2008, by DOD Component and Appropriation Account, as of December 2007: This figure is a combination of two pie graphs showing DOD's reported GWOT obligations for fiscal year 2008, by DOD component and appropriation account, as of December 2007. By DOD component (dollars in millions): Army: 79%: $27.2; Air Force: 7%: $2.5; Marine Corps: 6%: $2.2; Navy: 4%: $1.3; Other DOD components: 4%: $1.5. By appropriation account (dollars in billions): Operation and Maintenance: 47%: $16.1; Procurement: 27%: $9.4; Other: 13%: $4.5; Military personnel: 12%: $4.3; Military construction: 1%: $0.3; Working Capital Fund: 0%: $0.1; Research, development, test, and evaluation: 0%: $0.1. [See PDF for image] Source: GAO analysis of DOD data. Notes: Obligation figures may not add to $34.8 billion because of rounding. The "Other" portion of the appropriation account pie includes programs designed to reimburse coalition countries for logistical and military support, to train and equip the Afghan National Army and Armed Forces of Iraq and to execute the Commanders Emergency Response Program. GAO has assessed the reliability of DOD's obligation data and found significant problems, such that these data may not accurately reflect the true dollar value of GWOT obligations. [End of figure] Agency Comments: We requested comments from DOD, but none were provided. We are sending copies of this report to interested congressional committees; the Secretary of Defense; the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller); and the Director, Office of Management and Budget. We will also make copies available to others upon request. In addition, this report will be available at no charge on the GAO Web site at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-9619 or pickups@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are listed in the enclosure. Sharon L. Pickup: Director, Defense Capabilities and Management: Enclosure: List of Committees: The Honorable Carl Levin: Chairman: The Honorable John McCain: Ranking Member: Committee on Armed Services: United States Senate: The Honorable Daniel K. Inouye: Chairman: The Honorable Ted Stevens: Ranking Member: Subcommittee on Defense: Committee on Appropriations: United States Senate: The Honorable Ike Skelton: Chairman: The Honorable Duncan L. Hunter: Ranking Member: Committee on Armed Services: House of Representatives: The Honorable John P. Murtha: Chairman: The Honorable C. W. Bill Young: Ranking Member: Subcommittee on Defense: Committee on Appropriations: House of Representatives: [End of section] GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: GAO Contact: Sharon Pickup, (202) 512-9619 or pickups@gao.gov: Acknowledgments: In addition to the contact named above, Ann Borseth, Assistant Director; Richard Geiger; Ron La Due Lake; Deanna Laufer; Lonnie McAllister; and Eric Petersen made key contributions to this report. [End of section] Footnotes: [1] After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the President announced a Global War on Terrorism, requiring the collective instruments of the entire federal government to counter the threat of terrorism. Ongoing military and diplomatic operations overseas, especially in Iraq and Afghanistan, constitute a key part of GWOT. These operations involve a wide variety of activities, such as combating insurgents, training the military forces of other nations, and conducting small-scale reconstruction and humanitarian relief projects. [2] According to Department of Defense, Financial Management Regulation, 7000.14-R, vol. 1, Definitions (December 2001), p. xvii, obligations are incurred through actions such as orders placed, contracts awarded, services received, or similar transactions made by federal agencies during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period. [3] For more information see GAO, Securing, Stabilizing, and Rebuilding Iraq: Key Issues for Congressional Oversight, GAO-07-308SP (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 9, 2007), and Global War on Terrorism: Observations on Funding, Costs, and Future Commitments, GAO-06-885T (Washington, D.C.: July 18, 2006). [4] DOD defines contingency operations to include small, medium, and large-scale campaign-level military operations, including support for peacekeeping operations, major humanitarian assistance efforts, noncombatant evacuation operations, and international disaster relief efforts. [5] Department of Defense, Financial Management Regulation, 7000.14-R, vol. 12, ch. 23. This regulation generally establishes financial policy and procedures related to DOD contingency operations. Volume 6A, chapter 2, and volume 3, chapter 8, of the DOD Financial Management Regulation also include provisions to ensure the accuracy of cost reporting. [6] Pub. L. No. 109-163, ยง 1221(c) (2006). [7] For more information see GAO, Global War on Terrorism: DOD Needs to Improve the Reliability of Cost Data and Provide Additional Guidance to Control Costs, GAO-05-882 (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 21, 2005), and Global War on Terrorism: DOD Needs to Take Action to Encourage Fiscal Discipline and Optimize the Use of Tools Intended to Improve GWOT Cost Reporting, GAO-08-68 (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 6, 2007). [8] GAO-08-68. [9] GAO-08-68. [10] From fiscal year 2001 through fiscal year 2004, military operations in defense of the homeland (Operation Noble Eagle) were funded through supplemental appropriations. Since fiscal year 2005, these operations have been funded through DOD's base budget. Because Congress does not appropriate funds by military operation, these amounts cannot be separately identified. Therefore, the $635.9 billion includes funding for Operation Noble Eagle only from fiscal years 2001 through 2004. [11] We calculated this difference by comparing available data on appropriations and reported obligations. Since data on appropriations for Operation Noble Eagle from fiscal year 2005 through fiscal year 2007 are unavailable, the difference between DOD's GWOT appropriations and reported obligations may be larger. [12] Appropriations for military personnel and operation and maintenance are usually available for 1 year, while appropriations for research, development, test ,and evaluation are usually available for 2 years; procurement funds (with the exception of shipbuilding funds, which are sometimes available longer) are usually available for 3 years; and military construction funds are usually available for 5 years. GAO's Mission: The Government Accountability Office, the audit, evaluation and investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and accountability of the federal government for the American people. GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions. GAO's commitment to good government is reflected in its core values of accountability, integrity, and reliability. Obtaining Copies of GAO Reports and Testimony: The fastest and easiest way to obtain copies of GAO documents at no cost is through GAO's Web site [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. Each weekday, GAO posts newly released reports, testimony, and correspondence on its Web site. To have GAO e-mail you a list of newly posted products every afternoon, go to [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov] and select "Subscribe to Updates." Order by Mail or Phone: The first copy of each printed report is free. Additional copies are $2 each. A check or money order should be made out to the Superintendent of Documents. GAO also accepts VISA and Mastercard. Orders for 100 or more copies mailed to a single address are discounted 25 percent. Orders should be sent to: U.S. Government Accountability Office: 441 G Street NW, Room LM: Washington, D.C. 20548: To order by Phone: Voice: (202) 512-6000: TDD: (202) 512-2537: Fax: (202) 512-6061: To Report Fraud, Waste, and Abuse in Federal Programs: Contact: Web site: [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/fraudnet/fraudnet.htm]: E-mail: fraudnet@gao.gov: Automated answering system: (800) 424-5454 or (202) 512-7470: Congressional Relations: Ralph Dawn, Managing Director, dawnr@gao.gov: (202) 512-4400: U.S. Government Accountability Office: 441 G Street NW, Room 7125: Washington, D.C. 20548: Public Affairs: Chuck Young, Managing Director, youngc1@gao.gov: (202) 512-4800: U.S. Government Accountability Office: 441 G Street NW, Room 7149: Washington, D.C. 20548: