| YWe | CNS agents d-out qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Drugs that act upon the central nervous system. They may selectively relieve pain or fever, suppress disorders of movement, or prevent seizures. They may induce sleep or arousal and the desire to
eat, or may allay the tendency to vomit. They may be used to treat anxiety, mania, depression, or schizophrenia without altering consciousness. Socially acceptable stimulants and antianxiety
agents produce stability, relief, and even pleasure for many. However, the excessive use of these and other drugs can adversely affect lives when their use leads to physical dependence or to toxic
side effects, which may include lethal overdose.
Many CNS agents also act on the peripheral nervous system and other body systems. Conversely, the brain may be affected by drugs that are used to treat peripheral organs. Consequently, classification categories are blurred and overlapping. This Thesaurus concentrates on psychoactive substances; drugs to treat epilepsy or Parkinson's disease, to mention two other uses of CNS agents, are not covered. Section YW is the main home for substances that are important because of their therapeutic uses; AOD substances have their main home in section B and are cross-referenced here. | |
| ST | central nervous system agent | |
| centrally acting drugs | ||
| RT | +Be AOD substance or product qh ah | |
| +BT4e illicit drug qh ah |
| YW2e | psychoactive substances qh |
| SN | A substance that, when ingested, affects mental processes (e.g., cognition or memory). This term and its equivalent, psychotropic drugs, are the most neutral and descriptive terms for the whole
class of substances, whether licit or illicit, of interest to drug policy. "Psychoactive" does not necessarily imply dependence-producing.
This term is preferred by many to refer to drugs that affect the central nervous system and alter mood, perception, or consciousness; it is preferred as a substitute for "drug" because of the value-laden connotations and denotative confusions surrounding the latter term. Terminological notes: The term "psychotropic agent" or "psychotropic drug" is ambiguous, as the WHO Lexicon entry shows: A psychotropic drug is any chemical agent whose primary or significant effects are on the central nervous system. Some writers apply the term to drugs whose primary use is in the treatment of mental disorders (e.g., anxiolytic sedatives, antidepressants, antimanic agents, and major tranquilizing agents). Others use the term to refer to substances with a high abuse potential because of their effects on mood or consciousness or both (e.g., stimulants; hallucinogens; opioids; sedatives; and hypnotics, including alcohol). The NIDA entry, on the other hand, states: Term sometimes used broadly to refer to psychoactive substances; more generally used to refer just to the psychotherapeutic drugs. | |
| ST | agents affecting mood and behavior | |
| narcotics (any psychoactive drug) | ||
| psychoactive agents | ||
| psychoactive drugs | ||
| psychotropic agents | ||
| psychotropic drugs | ||
| NT | +Be AOD substance or product qh ah |
| YW2.2 | . psychopharmaceuticals qh |
| SN | A pharmaceutical that is a psychoactive drug. Not all psychopharmaceuticals are used for treating behavioral and mental disorders. |
| YW2.2.2e | . . psychotherapeutic agents qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Drugs used to treat behavioral and mental disorders.
Drugs that (1) are used as medications to alleviate psychic distress or as adjuncts to treatment of various physical disorders, and (2) are typically acquired through a doctor's prescription or over the counter at a drugstore. An older and less preferred term for such drugs is "psychotropics". | |
| ST | psychotherapeutic drugs | |
| psychotherapeutics |
| YW4e | CNS depressants qh |
| SN | Any agent that suppresses, inhibits, or decreases some aspects of central nervous system (CNS) activity. The main classes of depressants are the sedatives/hypnotics, opioids, and major tranquilizing
agents (neuroleptics). Examples of depressant drugs include alcohol, barbiturates, anesthetics, benzodiazepines, opiates, and their synthetic analogs. Anticonvulsants are sometimes included in
the depressant group because of their inhibitory action on abnormal neural activity. Refer to specific substances such as *+ZT6.4.2 benzodiazepines* qh ah, *+ZQ opioids* qh ah, *+YW4.10.2 antipsychotic tranquilizers* qh ah, and
*+YW4.8 sedative-hypnotics* qh ah.
Disorders related to depressant use are classified in ICD-10 as "psychoactive substance use disorders" and divided between alcohol (F10), opioids (F11), and sedatives or hypnotics (F13). | |
| ST | central nervous system depressants | |
| NT | +BB2e ethanol qh ah | |
| +BGe volatile inhalant qh ah | ||
| BH CNS depressants of abuse qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.28.6.6e barbiturates qh ah | ||
| RT | +Be AOD substance or product qh ah | |
| BF6e phencyclidine qh ah | ||
| +YW12 narcotic agonists and antagonists qh ah |
| YW4.2e | . narcotic analgesics qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 1995; through 1995 also use "narcotics." | |
| SN | Narcotic analgesics relieve pain by altering the patient's perception; they are most often used for severe pain. "Narcotics" often is used with the narrow meaning of opioid or narcotic analgesics. See the scope note for *+YW2 psychoactive substances* qh ah for observations on terminology. | |
| ST | addictive analgesics | |
| narcotic agonists | ||
| narcotic analgesic agonists | ||
| narcotics (analgesics) | ||
| opioid analgesics | ||
| NT | +BL opioids in any form qh ah | |
| BL4.2e opium qh ah | ||
| ZJ2.6.6.2.2e propoxyphene qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.2e morphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.6e dihydromorphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.8e dihydromorphinone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.12 oxymorphone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.2e codeine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.4e hydrocodone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.6e oxycodone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.8.2e levorphanol qh ah | ||
| ZQ8.2e meperidine qh ah | ||
| +ZQ10.2e methadone qh ah | ||
| ZQ10.4e LAAM qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16e opiates qh ah | ||
| ZT4.10 fentanyl qh ah | ||
| BT | +YR2e analgesics qh ah | |
| +YW12 narcotic agonists and antagonists qh ah |
| YW4.4e | . general anesthetics qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. Through 1995 also use *+YR4 anesthetics* qh ah. | |
| SN | Drugs that produce absence of perception of all sensation, especially of pain, in the entire body and may produce loss of consciousness. While a number of drugs (e.g., barbiturates and cocaine) have anesthetic properties, the principal general anesthetics are the vaporous chloroform and ether, and the gaseous nitrous oxide. | |
| NT | ZC12.8.10e nitrous oxide qh ah | |
| +ZF6e ethers qh ah | ||
| ZJ2.6.10.2.4.2e sodium oxybate qh ah | ||
| ZL2.6.4e chloroform qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.28.6.6e barbiturates qh ah | ||
| BT | +YR4e anesthetics qh ah |
| YW4.4.2 | . . dissociative anesthetics qh |
| ST | anesthetic, dissociative | |
| NT | BF6e phencyclidine qh ah | |
| ZE2.2.2.2.2e ketamine hydrochloride qh ah |
| YW4.6e | . anticonvulsants qh |
| NT | ZF8.10.2.4e dizocilpine maleate qh ah | |
| ZJ2.6.12.2.2e valproate qh ah | ||
| ZN6.2e succinimide qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.14.6e hydantoin qh ah | ||
| ZT4.16.6e trimethadione qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.28.6.6e barbiturates qh ah |
| YW4.8e | . sedative-hypnotics qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 1995; through 1995 also use "sedatives." | |
| SN | Any of a group of central nervous system depressants with the capacity of relieving anxiety and inducing calmness and sleep. Several such drugs also induce amnesia and muscle relaxation, and/or have
anticonvulsant properties. Major classes of sedative/hypnotics include the benzodiazepines and the barbiturates. Also included are alcohol, buspirone, chloral hydrate, acetylcarbromal,
glutethimide, methyprylon, ethchlorvynol, ethinamate, meprobamate, and methaqualone. Some authorities use this term only for a subclass of these drugs used to calm acutely distressed persons or to
induce sleep, and distinguish them from minor tranquilizers used for the treatment of anxiety.
"Disorders resulting from sedatives or hypnotics" (F13) is one of the substance use disorders in ICD-10. | |
| ST | hypnotics | |
| sedative/hypnotics | ||
| sedatives | ||
| NT | +BBe alcohol in any form qh ah | |
| +BB2e ethanol qh ah | ||
| +YV6.4.2e histamine H1 receptor blockaders qh ah | ||
| +YW4.10e tranquilizers qh ah | ||
| ZJ2.6.10.4.2e meprobamate qh ah | ||
| ZT4.28.2e buspirone qh ah | ||
| RT | +Be AOD substance or product qh ah | |
| HU4.4 general anesthesia qh ah | ||
| +ZF6e ethers qh ah | ||
| ZG2.4.2e paraldehyde qh ah | ||
| ZL2.4e halothane qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.28.6.6e barbiturates qh ah |
| YW4.8.2e | . . barbiturate sedative-hypnotics qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | barbiturate hypnotics | |
| barbiturate sedatives | ||
| BT | +ZT4.28.6.6e barbiturates qh ah |
| YW4.8.2.2 | . . . long-acting barbiturates qh |
| NT | ZT4.28.6.6.6e barbital qh ah | |
| ZT4.28.6.6.12e phenobarbital qh ah |
| YW4.8.2.4 | . . . intermediate-acting barbiturates qh |
| NT | ZT4.28.6.6.4e amobarbital qh ah |
| YW4.8.2.6 | . . . short-acting barbiturates qh |
| NT | ZT4.28.6.6.10e pentobarbital qh ah | |
| ZT4.28.6.6.16e secobarbital qh ah | ||
| ZT4.28.6.6.18.4e thiopental qh ah |
| YW4.8.4e | . . nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | nonbarbiturate sedatives | |
| NT | ZF2.4.2.4 chloral hydrate qh ah | |
| ZF4.4e propofol qh ah | ||
| ZG2.4.2e paraldehyde qh ah | ||
| ZJ2.10.10.6.2.2e thalidomide qh ah | ||
| ZT4.20.8.4e glutethimide qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.14e triazolam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.20.4e methaqualone qh ah | ||
| RT | +YV6.4.2e histamine H1 receptor blockaders qh ah |
| YW4.8.6e | . . antianxiety tranquilizers qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Also called minor tranquilizers, this term was introduced to distinguish these drugs from the "major tranquilizers" (neuroleptics) used for the treatment of psychotic disorders. Minor tranquilizing agents are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The term "minor tranquilizer" has been incorrectly assumed to indicate an absence of harmful effects. There still is dependence potential in these drugs. | |
| ST | antianxiety agents | |
| anxiolytic agents | ||
| anxiolytics | ||
| minor tranquilizers | ||
| NT | ZJ2.6.10.4.2e meprobamate qh ah | |
| ZT4.28.2e buspirone qh ah | ||
| ZT8.8.2e doxepin qh ah | ||
| BT | +YW4.10e tranquilizers qh ah |
| YW4.8.6.2 | . . . benzodiazepine tranquilizers qh |
| RT | +ZT6.4.2e benzodiazepines qh ah |
| YW4.8.6.2.2 | . . . . short-acting benzodiazepines qh |
| NT | ZT6.4.2.2e alprazolam qh ah | |
| ZT6.4.2.8.16e flunitrazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.8.20e lorazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.8.22e nitrazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.8.24e oxazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.8.30e temazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.8.32e halazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.14e triazolam qh ah |
| YW4.8.6.2.4 | . . . . long-acting benzodiazepines qh |
| NT | +ZT6.4.2.8.12e diazepam qh ah | |
| ZT6.4.2.8.18e flurazepam qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.8.28e prazepam qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.4.2.10e chlordiazepoxide qh ah | ||
| ZT6.4.2.10.2e clorazepate qh ah |
| YW4.10e | . tranquilizers qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 1995; through 1995 also use "tranquilizing agents." | |
| SN | A general term for several classes of drugs employed in the symptomatic management of various mental disorders. The term can be used to differentiate between these drugs and the sedatives: The
tranquilizers have a quieting or dampening effect on the psychomotor processes without--except at high doses--interfering with consciousness and thinking.
Currently, the term tranquilizer is used mainly to refer to drugs used for the treatment of anxiety disorders, synonymous with the term "minor tranquilizer". | |
| NT | +YP2.8.12.4 agents for AOD-concurrent anxiety qh ah | |
| +YP4.8.12.8 agents for alcohol-concurrent anxiety qh ah | ||
| YP6.8.8.4 agents for sedative-hypnotic-concurrent anxiety qh ah | ||
| +YP10.8.10.4 agents for cocaine-concurrent anxiety qh ah | ||
| YP12.8.10.4 agents for opiate-concurrent anxiety qh ah | ||
| +YW4.8.6e antianxiety tranquilizers qh ah | ||
| ZA2.4.2.2e lithium qh ah | ||
| BT | +YW4.8e sedative-hypnotics qh ah |
| YW4.10.2e | . . antipsychotic tranquilizers qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | A class of medications used for the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses. Also known as major tranquilizers, antipsychotics, and neuroleptics. Major tranquilizing agents include the
phenothiazines (e.g., chlorpromazine, thioridazine, fluphenazine) and the butyrophenones (e.g., haloperidol) and have low abuse potential. See *GC2.6 abuse of non-dependence-producing substance*
qh ah.
Antipsychotic tranquilizers all have certain common biochemical characteristics in their molecular structure and the pharmacological property of being an antagonist to the brain chemical dopamine. | |
| ST | antipsychotic agents | |
| major tranquilizers | ||
| neuroleptics | ||
| NT | ZT4.20.4e penfluridol qh ah | |
| ZT4.28.6.2e risperidone qh ah | ||
| ZT6.6.2e pimozide qh ah | ||
| ZT8.4.2.2e clozapine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.12.2e thiothixene qh ah | ||
| ZT8.16.2.2e flupenthixol qh ah |
| YW4.10.2.2 | . . . butyrophenone tranquilizers qh |
| NT | ZG4.4.2e haloperidol qh ah |
| YW4.10.2.4 | . . . phenothiazine tranquilizers qh |
| NT | ZT8.14.2e chlorpromazine qh ah | |
| ZT8.14.4e perphenazine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.14.6e prochlorperazine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.14.8e promazine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.14.12e thioridazine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.14.14e trifluoperazine qh ah |
| YW6e | antidepressants qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 1995; through 1995 also use "antidepressive agents." | |
| SN | A major classification of drugs that were developed recently, are sold only by prescription, and are used medically to improve mood in severely depressed patients. Generally divided into the tricyclic compounds amitriptyline hydrochloride and imipramine hydrochloride and the MAO inhibitors; rarely used for nonmedical purposes since they have little immediate pleasurable effect on normal mood states. This varied group of drugs seems to have a stimulant effect in cases of pathologic depression but appears to have little effect in normal states. Chronic usage, however, has been shown to have clearly defined stimulatory action. Although some of the stimulants have been medically used as antidepressants, their effects are inconsistent. | |
| ST | antidepressive agents | |
| NT | +BK2e cocaine qh ah | |
| +YP2.8.12.2 agents for AOD-concurrent depression qh ah | ||
| +YP4.8.12.6 agents for alcohol-concurrent depression qh ah | ||
| YP6.8.8.2 agents for sedative-hypnotic-concurrent depression qh ah | ||
| +YP10.8.10.2 agents for cocaine-concurrent depression qh ah | ||
| YP12.8.10.2 agents for opiate-concurrent depression qh ah | ||
| ZN2.20.6.10e sulpiride qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.26.4.2.2e zimelidine qh ah | ||
| ZT6.12.6e nomifensine qh ah |
| YW6.2 | . tricyclic antidepressants qh |
| SN | A group of psychoactively therapeutic agents prescribed for the treatment of depressive disorders. Tricyclic antidepressants principally are inhibitors of noradrenaline uptake. They have a low
abuse potential, but sometimes are used nonmedically for their immediate psychic effects. Tolerance develops to their anticholinergic effects but it is doubtful whether a dependence syndrome or
withdrawal syndrome occurs. For these reasons, misuse of antidepressants is included in category F55 of ICD-10, "abuse of nondependence producing substances".
Examples include imipramine, amitriptyline, and desipramine. | |
| SN | A major category of antidepressants. | |
| ST | tricyclic antidepressive agents | |
| NT | +YW6.4e MAO inhibitors qh ah | |
| ZF8.10.2.6e nortriptyline qh ah | ||
| ZT8.2.2.4e imipramine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.2.2.6e desipramine qh ah | ||
| RT | +GZ6.4.4e affective psychosis qh ah |
| YW6.2.2e | . . tianeptine qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +YP2.8e AOD relapse prevention agents qh ah | |
| +YP2.8.12.2 agents for AOD-concurrent depression qh ah |
| YW6.4e | . MAO inhibitors qh |
| SN | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; antidepressants chemically related to the amphetamines and used as psychic mood elevators, particularly in the treatment of psychotic depression. Potent, unpredictable drugs, they are capable of producing a variety of dangerous side effects. Deaths have resulted from their administration in conjunction with the following substances, whose effects they potentiate: alcohol, amphetamines, depressants, antihistamines, sedatives, anesthetic drugs, and insulin. MAO inhibitors are divided into two categories: (1) the hydrazine type such as isocarboxazid, nialamide, and phenelzine sulfate; and (2) nonhydrazine type, such as tranylcypromine sulfate. | |
| ST | monoamine oxidase inhibitors | |
| BT | +YD8e enzyme inhibitors qh ah | |
| +YP4.8.12.6 agents for alcohol-concurrent depression qh ah | ||
| +YW6.2 tricyclic antidepressants qh ah | ||
| RT | YC14.8.2e monoamine oxidase qh ah |
| YW6.4.2 | . . phenelzine qh |
| SN | A MAO inhibitor, manufactured as Nardil. | |
| ST | Nardil | |
| BT | +YP4.8.12.8 agents for alcohol-concurrent anxiety qh ah |
| YW8e | CNS stimulants qh |
| SN | In reference to the central nervous system, any agent that activates, enhances, or increases neural activity. Also called psychostimulants. These drugs include the amphetamines; cocaine; caffeine and other xanthines; nicotine; and synthetic diet suppressants, such as phenmetrazine or methylphenidate. Other drugs have stimulant actions that are not their primary effect but which may be manifest in high doses or after chronic use; they include antidepressants, anticholinergics, and certain opioids. | |
| ST | analeptics | |
| central nervous system stimulants | ||
| ergogenics | ||
| psychostimulants | ||
| stimulants | ||
| NT | BC2e caffeine qh ah | |
| BD2e nicotine qh ah | ||
| +BJ CNS stimulants of abuse qh ah | ||
| +BJ2.2e amphetamines qh ah | ||
| +BK2e cocaine qh ah | ||
| +YV8e parasympatholytics qh ah | ||
| ZC12.8.4e nitric oxide qh ah | ||
| ZN2.16.2.12.4.4e ephedrine qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.16.4e pemoline qh ah | ||
| ZT4.16.4.2e magnesium pemoline qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.18.2.2e xanthines qh ah |
| YW8.2 | . primary stimulants qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| NT | +BJ2 primary stimulants of abuse qh ah |
| YW8.4 | . secondary stimulants qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| NT | +BJ4 secondary stimulants of abuse qh ah |
| YW8.6 | . convulsants qh |
| NT | ZP2e bicuculline qh ah | |
| ZP22e strychnine qh ah | ||
| ZT4.2.2e pentylenetetrazole qh ah |
| YW8.6.2e | . . picrotoxin qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. |
| YW10e | hallucinogens qh |
| SN | A major classification of natural and synthetic drugs whose primary effect is to distort the senses; they can produce hallucinations (i.e., experiences that depart from reality). These drugs may produce profound alterations in sensation, mood, and consciousness at doses that result in comparatively light physiological activity. Although most experiences are visual, they also may involve the senses of hearing, touch, smell, or taste, sometimes simultaneously. They also are variously known as psychedelic (i.e., mind-manifesting), psychotomimetic (i.e., psychosis-imitating), illusionogenic (i.e., illusion-producing), psychotaraxic, and psychodysleptics (i.e., mind-disrupting) drugs. These terms refer to somewhat overlapping effects alleged to occur with this group of drugs, probably none of which are entirely adequate as descriptive terms. Psychedelic is the preferred term of users, but hallucinogen has gained the widest support. Included in this classification are dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), mescaline, peyote, phencyclidine (PCP), psilocybin, psilocin, and dimethoxymethylamphetamine (STP, DOM). The term also has been applied to the pseudohallucinogens, such as nutmeg and mace. While other drugs, such as alcohol or cannabis, may produce hallucinations if a very high dose is used, they are not classified as hallucinogens because this is not the usual effect expected or experienced. At low doses, the effects of hallucinogens vary widely, depending on variations in the drug taken and the unique sensitivity of the user at the time of use. | |
| ST | psychedelic substances | |
| psychotomimetics | ||
| NT | +BF hallucinogens of abuse qh ah | |
| BF2.2 mescaline qh ah | ||
| BF6e phencyclidine qh ah | ||
| BF8.4 psilocybine qh ah | ||
| +BGe volatile inhalant qh ah | ||
| BJ2.10 DOM qh ah | ||
| BT6.4.2 schedule II hallucinogens qh ah | ||
| ZP10e ibogaine qh ah | ||
| ZT8.8.4e harmine qh ah | ||
| +ZU4e cannabinoids qh ah | ||
| RT | +BF hallucinogens of abuse qh ah | |
| GD2.2.12 flashbacks qh ah | ||
| GZ2.4.6 hallucination qh ah |
| YW12 | narcotic agonists and antagonists qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Narcotic agonists are the same as *+YW4.2 narcotic analgesics* qh ah, which have their home location under *+YW4 CNS depressants* qh ah. | |
| NT | +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah |
| YW12.2e | . narcotic antagonists qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | A drug that blocks or counteracts the effects of opioid narcotics. Many have been derived by chemically altering some aspects of natural or synthetic opiate narcotics. Among the best known antagonists are cyclazocine, naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone. In sufficient doses, narcotic antagonists can block the psychological effects of opiate narcotics, including the development of tolerance and (physical) dependence, and can reverse or prevent toxic effects. They also can precipitate an intense acute withdrawal syndrome in opiate-narcotic-dependent individuals who have not been detoxified, and this property sometimes is employed for identifying physically dependent persons for medical and legal purposes. Narcotic antagonists may be pure or mixed. The pure narcotic antagonists (e.g., naltrexone and naloxone) in reasonable doses will produce little effect on an opiate-detoxified or nonopiate-dependent person. The mixed, or partial, narcotic antagonists (e.g., cyclazocine, nalorphine, and pentazocine) have slight narcotic agonist properties and their cessation will induce withdrawal symptoms in a user who has developed a physical dependence on opiates. | |
| ST | opioid antagonists | |
| RT | EE16.6e antagonistic drug interaction qh ah |
| YW12.2.2 | . . pure narcotic antagonists qh |
| NT | ZQ4.6.4e naloxone qh ah | |
| ZQ4.6.6e naltrexone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.8.4e levallorphan qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.8.6e nalmefene qh ah |
| YW12.2.4 | . . mixed narcotic agonists and antagonists qh |
| NT | ZQ6.2e buprenorphine qh ah |
| YXe | toxic substances d-out qh |
| ST | hazardous chemicals | |
| hazardous materials | ||
| poisons | ||
| toxic material | ||
| BT | +OA technology, manufacturing, and agriculture qh ah | |
| +OR4e safety qh ah | ||
| RT | +EB10e drug metabolism qh ah | |
| +OR safety and accidents qh ah | ||
| +PZ2.4 environmental pollution qh ah |
| YX2e | toxins qh |
| RT | +YMe other biological factors qh ah | |
| +YM24.2 toxoids qh ah |
| YX2.2 | . bacterial toxins qh |
| YX2.4 | . cytotoxins qh |
| NT | +ZO6.8.12.16e tumor necrosis factor qh ah |
| YX2.6e | . endotoxins qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| ST | bacterial pyrogen |
| YX2.8 | . enterotoxins qh |
| YX2.10 | . marine toxins qh |
| YX2.10.2 | . . tetrodotoxin qh |
| YX2.12 | . mycotoxins qh |
| NT | ZJ2.6.14.2e penicillic acid qh ah | |
| ZO4.8.6e phalloidine qh ah | ||
| ZT4.22.2e patulin qh ah |
| YX2.14e | . neurotoxins qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| RT | EE14.4.4.4.2.4e neurotoxicity qh ah |
| YX4e | carcinogens qh |
| NT | ZF8.14e pyrene qh ah | |
| ZJ2.6.14.2e penicillic acid qh ah | ||
| +ZK10.2.2 croton oil qh ah | ||
| ZN2.20.2.2.4e thioacetamide qh ah | ||
| ZN2.20.6.8e procarbazine qh ah | ||
| ZP16e pyrrolizidine alkaloids qh ah | ||
| ZT4.22.2e patulin qh ah | ||
| +ZU10.4e phorbol qh ah | ||
| RT | GG20.28.2e carcinogenesis qh ah |
| YX4.2 | . nitroso compounds qh |
| YX4.2.2e | . . nitrosamine qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| BT | +ZN2e amines qh ah |
| YX4.2.2.2e | . . . dimethylnitrosamine qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | N nitrosodimethylamine | |
| nitrosodimethylamine |
| YX4.4 | . tar qh |
| RT | +BDe tobacco in any form qh ah | |
| +BD4e tobacco product qh ah |
| YX4.4.2e | . . cigarette tar qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| RT | +BD4.2e cigarette qh ah |
| YX6e | teratogens qh |
| NT | +BB2e ethanol qh ah | |
| ZJ2.10.10.6.2.2e thalidomide qh ah |
| YX8e | xenobiotics qh |
| YX10 | environmental pollutants, pesticides qh |
| RT | +PZ2.4 environmental pollution qh ah |
| YX10.2 | . environmental pollutants qh |
| SN | Use this descriptor only when no specific pollutant is given. |
| YX10.4 | . pesticides qh |
| RT | BX8.2 cannabis contaminant qh ah |
| YX10.4.2 | . . herbicides qh |
| NT | ZT4.26.10.2e paraquat qh ah |
| YX10.4.4 | . . industrial fungicides qh |
| NT | ZJ2.6.10.4.4.4.2e thiram qh ah |
| YX10.4.6 | . . insecticides qh |
| YX10.4.8 | . . rodenticides qh |
| NT | ZT6.8.4.2.2e warfarin qh ah |
| YX10.4.10 | . . pesticide residues qh |
| YX10.4.12 | . . pesticide synergists qh |
| YX12 | toxic industrial waste qh |
| YX14 | inflammable material qh |
| YX14.2 | . explosive qh |
| YZ | miscellaneous substances d-out qh |
| RT | +EBe metabolism qh ah | |
| +EB10e drug metabolism qh ah |
| YZ2 | catalyst qh |
| ST | catalyzer, accelerant | |
| RT | CL4e catalysis qh ah |
| YZ4e | chelating agents qh |
| NT | ZO2.12.6e penicillamine qh ah |
| YZ6e | food additives qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| NT | ZC4.2e sodium glutamate qh ah | |
| BT | +OG food product qh ah | |
| RT | +BX2.2.4e congener qh ah |
| YZ6.2 | . food colorants qh |
| RT | +YZ10 pigments and dyes qh ah |
| YZ6.4 | . food flavorings qh |
| ST | flavoring agents | |
| RT | +BX2.2.4e congener qh ah |
| YZ6.4.2 | . . sweetening agents qh |
| ST | food sweeteners |
| YZ6.4.2.2e | . . . saccharin qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. |
| YZ6.4.2.4 | . . . aspartame qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| YZ6.6 | . flavor enhancers qh |
| YZ6.8 | . food preservatives qh |
| NT | ZC12.8.6.6e sodium nitrite qh ah |
| YZ8e | dietary fiber qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| NT | +ZH8.2.4e cellulose qh ah | |
| ZH8.2.4.2e lignin qh ah | ||
| ZH10e pectin qh ah | ||
| BT | +OG food product qh ah |
| YZ10 | pigments and dyes qh |
| NT | YB12.20e riboflavin qh ah | |
| ZO6.4.12.2e rhodopsin qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.30.2e porphyrins qh ah | ||
| ZT4.30.2.2e porphyrinogens qh ah | ||
| ZT4.30.2.4e protoporphyrins qh ah | ||
| ZT4.30.2.6e uroporphyrins qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.30.4e bilirubin qh ah | ||
| ZT4.30.4.2e biliverdin qh ah | ||
| ZT4.30.6e urobilin qh ah | ||
| ZT4.30.8e urobilinogen qh ah | ||
| ZT6.10.10e melanin qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.18.4e flavins qh ah | ||
| +ZU10.8e retinoids qh ah | ||
| +ZU14.2e carotenoids qh ah | ||
| RT | +YB8e flavonoids qh ah | |
| YZ6.2 food colorants qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.8.2.2 flavones qh ah |
| YZ10.2 | . retinal pigments qh |
| NT | ZO6.4.12.2e rhodopsin qh ah | |
| +ZU10.8e retinoids qh ah | ||
| RT | +ZU14.2e carotenoids qh ah |
| YZ12 | molecular probes qh |
| NT | +ZS4.4e nucleic acid probes qh ah | |
| RT | +HF26e biological markers qh ah |
| YZ16e | solvents qh |
| SN | Volatile (i.e., tending to evaporate easily) liquids that are capable of dissolving one or more substances, also referred to as "volatile solvents." A subclassification of inhalant drugs with a large aggregate of chemically diverse substances from a wide variety of sources; many solvents are volatile hydrocarbons. Typical household solvents include glue (e.g., plastic cement), gasoline, paint thinner, nail polish, nail polish remover, and lighter and cleaning fluids. The active ingredients used in these solvent products include acetone; the chlorated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride; and the petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, benzene, naphtha, and gasoline). Solvents are CNS depressants, lower heart and breathing rate, and impair judgment and muscle coordination. Like most inhalants, solvents such as glue--the most commonly used--generally produce a brief period of stimulation with giddiness, euphoria, and muscle tremors, followed by a more lengthy, dreamlike stupor. Effects tend to be short-lived and mild. The petroleum-based solvents, such as paint thinner (e.g., toluene), lighter fluid (e.g., naphtha), and gasoline, generally produce the most extreme effects. Some of their components (e.g., lead) are known to be quite toxic and to cause tissue or nervous system damage. A major cause of concern is the effect of solvents in the sudden sniffing death syndrome. | |
| NT | +BG2 solvent of abuse qh ah | |
| RT | +YZ18e volatile substances qh ah |
| YZ18e | volatile substances qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Substances that vaporize at ambient temperatures. Volatile substances that are inhaled for psychoactive effects (also called inhalants) include the organic solvents present in many domestic and
industrial products (e.g., glue, aerosol, paints, industrial solvents, lacquer thinners, gasoline, and cleaning fluids) and the aliphatic nitritites, such as amyl nitrite. Some substances are
directly toxic to the liver, kidney, or heart; some produce peripheral neuropathy or progressive brain degeneration. The most frequent users of these substances are young adolescents and street
children.
In ICD-10, "volatile solvent use disorders" (F18) are a subclass of the mental and behavioral substance use disorders. | |
| NT | +BGe volatile inhalant qh ah | |
| RT | +EB10e drug metabolism qh ah | |
| +YZ16e solvents qh ah |
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