Researchers Tap Web Chatter To Figure Out Who's Sick

Five Public Health Issues Tracked Through The Internet

• 1. INFLUENZA

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  via HealthMap

  via HealthMap

  This graph of flu trends for the past two years comes from HealthMap. The group, part of Boston Children's Hospital, draws data from different sources including Google Flu Trends, the self-reporting flu site "Flu Near You" and the CDC. The approach allows people to compare how accurate different models are.

  What We Learned: "The ways in which people communicate and search online changes," says Harvard epidemiologist John Brownstein, one of HealthMap's team members. The data are full of information not related to the flu. Keeping up on how people talk online and adjusting models to filter out misleading chatter is a big challenge. (We talked to Brownstein in 2012 for a post about "Webidemiology." Check it out for a video explainer.)

• 2. EBOLA

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  via HealthMap

  via HealthMap

  This Ebola map and timeline are from HealthMap. The map uses information from the International Society for Infectious Disease, the World Health Organization, Google News and others to chart the outbreak between March 14 and Oct. 29. The group's model estimates the number of Ebola cases in the next 18 days.

  What We Learned: The results can help public health officials. HealthMap spotted an unknown hemorrhagic fever in Guinea that turned out to be Ebola nine days before WHO made the formal determination that the virus was on the loose. Brownstein says that in places like West Africa, data are harder to come by.

• 3. COMMON COLD

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  via Sickweather

  via Sickweather

  This map of the northeastern U.S. shows late October data from the Sickweather app. The heat map highlights the prevalence of words such as "fever," "sick," "cough," "sore throat" and "runny nose" on Twitter and Facebook. The map also uses self-reported sickness from the app's users.

  What We Learned: Graham Dodge, CEO of Sickweather, says his team had to develop special dictionaries containing thousands of everyday phrases and keywords to help the software understand and disqualify false reports. Now, if someone says, "I look so hot right now," the algorithm knows the person isn't running a fever.

• 4. FOODBORNE ILLNESS

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  Courtesy of Cory Nissen

  Courtesy of Cory Nissen

  This map of Chicago shows restaurants where someone reported getting sick between March 2013 and Jan. 2014. FoodBorne Chicago used Twitter to identify restaurants that may have violated city health codes. Over 10 months, the team zeroed in on 270 tweets and asked the people who tweeted to fill out a survey. All told, customers completed 193 surveys about foodborne illnesses. City inspectors went to the implicated restaurants. Sixteen percent failed inspection and 25 percent passed with critical or serious violations. A similar study was done with Yelp in New York City in 2013.

  What We Learned: Tweets can provide valuable hints, but sometimes more detailed information is necessary. "People are willing to follow-up on that utterance" on Twitter, says Daniel O'Neil, who worked on the FoodBorne Chicago project.

• 5. HIV

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  Sean Young/UCLA

  Sean Young/UCLA

  This map was made from a collection of 550 million tweets during six months in 2013. The locations represent a tweet related to behavior that could put someone at risk for HIV, including sexual behavior and drug abuse. Behavioral psychologist Sean Young and his team at the UCLA Center for Digital Behavior collected the data with the idea that it could be used to help prevent the spread of HIV.

  What We Learned: HIV is difficult to track because surveillance statistics from the CDC aren't released as frequently as researchers would like. Young says he needs more up-to-date official data to combine with real-time tweets to forecast behavior.